I-Reverse Osmosis (RO) iTekhnoloji kwi-Power Plant Water Treatment
2024-10-30
I-Reverse Osmosis (RO) iTekhnoloji kwi-Power Plant Water Treatment
Inkqubo yokucoca amanzi ekhemikhali kwiplanti yamandla
Inkqubo yokucoca amanzi ekhemikhali yesityalo samandla I. Imfuneko yonyango lwamanzi ekhemikhali ibonwa kumgangatho womgangatho wonikezelo lwamanzi Oku kulandelayo yimigangatho yomgangatho wesondlo samanzi kwibhoyila: Ubunzima obupheleleyo (umol / L), ioksijini enyityilisiweyo (μg/L), ukuhanjiswa kombane (us/cm), i-silica (μg/L), PH (25 ℃ ℃), carbon dioxide (μg/10
Umgangatho ombi wamanzi, ngakumbi i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sodium kunye ne-silicate ion ezigqithisa umgangatho, ziya kubangela ezi zingozi ezilandelayo kwizixhobo ezishushu: 1.Ukunyuka kwezixhobo ze-thermal: ukuba umgangatho wamanzi kwibhoyili okanye enye i-heat exchanger ihlwempuzekile, emva kwexesha lokusebenza, ezinye iziqhotyoshelo eziqinileyo ziya kuveliswa kwindawo yokufudumala ngokudibana namanzi. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-scaling, kwaye ezi zincamathelisi ziqinileyo zibizwa ngokuba sisikali. Ngenxa yokuba i-thermal conductivity yesikali ngamakhulu amaxesha amabi ngaphezu kwentsimbi, kwaye ezi zilinganisi ziveliswa ngokulula kwibhoyila ityhubhu enomthwalo ophezulu wokushisa, ngoko ke isikali siyingozi kakhulu kwibhoyila (okanye umtshintshisi wobushushu); Inokwenza ubushushu bodonga lombhobho wesinyithi kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu, kubangele ukuba amandla esinyithi ayancipha, ukuze phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo kumbhobho, kuya kubakho ukuguqulwa kwendawo yombhobho, i-bulge, kwaye ibangele iingozi ezinzulu ezifana nokuqhuma kwetyhubhu. Ukulinganisa akugcini nje ukubeka engozini ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo, kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu uqoqosho lwezityalo zamandla. Umzekelo, xa kukho isikali esisi-1mm esityebileyo kwi-economizer yebhoyila yeplanti yamandla obushushu, ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha yi-1.5% ~2.0% ngaphezulu kweyokuqala. Ngoko ke, ukuthintela ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukunciphisa ukulinganisa kuya kuvelisa inzuzo enkulu yezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, umgangatho wamanzi wamanzi ajikelezayo uhlwempuzekile, kwaye ukulinganisa kwi-condenser ye-injini ye-steam kuya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni iqondo le-vacuum ye-condenser, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal kunye nemveliso ye-injini yomphunga. Ukulinganiswa kwe-superheater kuya kwenza ukuba ukushisa kwe-steam kungafikeleli kwixabiso lokuyila, okuya kunciphisa uqoqosho lwenkqubo yonke ye-thermal. Emva kokunyuswa kwezixhobo ezishushu, umsebenzi wokucoca kufuneka wenziwe ngexesha, eliya kuvala izixhobo kunye nokunciphisa iiyure zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokusebenza ngonyaka; Ukongeza, umthwalo womsebenzi kunye neendleko zokugcina kufuneka zonyuswe.
2. I-Corrosion yezixhobo ze-thermal kunye nenkqubo yayo: isinyithi sesixhobo se-thermal kwisityalo samandla sihlala sidibana namanzi. Ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uphantsi, uya kubangela ukuhlwa kwesinyithi, okufana nombhobho wonikezelo lwamanzi, isigcini-malahle, umphunga, isifudumezi, isifudumezisi esikhulu kunye nombhobho wokutshintsha ubushushu we-condenser yeinjini yomphunga, uya kukhukuliswa ngenxa yomgangatho ophantsi wamanzi. I-Corrosion ayifinyezi nje kuphela ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo ngokwazo, kodwa ibangela nokulahlekelwa kwezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, imveliso ye-corrosion idluliselwa emanzini, eyandisa ukungcola emanzini, ngaloo ndlela ikhulise inkqubo yokunyusa kwindawo yokufudumala yomthwalo ophezulu wokushisa, kwaye ukunyuswa kuya kukhawulezisa ukubola kwe-tube yesithando somlilo. Lo mjikelo ukhohlakeleyo unokukhokelela ngokukhawuleza ekuqhumeni kwetyhubhu kunye nezinye iingozi.
3. Ukuqokelelwa kwetyuwa kwindawo yokujikeleziswa kwe-superheater kunye ne-injini yomphunga: umgangatho ombi wamanzi uya kwenza ukuba umphunga unyibilike kwaye uthwale ukungcola (ikakhulukazi i-Na+ kunye ne-HSi03- ion) ukwanda, oku kungcola kuya kufakwa kwindawo yokujikeleza komphunga, njenge-superheater kunye ne-injini yomphunga, lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuba yi-salty accumulation. Ukuqokelelana kwetyuwa kwityhubhu ye-superheater kunokubangela ukuba udonga lwetyhubhu yentsimbi lutshise kakhulu okanye lugqabhuke. Ivalve iya kuvalwa ngokukhululekileyo ngenxa yokuqokelelana kwetyuwa, kwaye ukuqokelelana kwetyuwa kwi-injini yomphunga kuya kunciphisa kakhulu imveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweinjini yomphunga. Nokuba inani elincinci lokuqokelela ityuwa liya kwandisa kakhulu ukuchasana nokujikeleza kwe-steam, ukwenzela ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-turbine ye-steam kuya kuncipha. Xa ukuqokelelwa kwetyuwa kwi-injini yomphunga kunzulu, kuya kwandisa umthwalo we-thrust kunye nokugoba isahluli, okukhokelela kukuvalwa kwengozi.
Ngamafutshane, ubunzima obuphezulu bonikezelo lwamanzi, okubonisa ukuba umxholo we-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion mkhulu, kulula ukubangela ibhoyila kwindawo nganye yokufudumeza, igubu kunye nodonga lombhobho wokulinganisa kunye nokuhlwa, ukukhanya kuchaphazela ukuqhutyelwa kobushushu, kubangele ukugqabhuka kwetyhubhu yebhoyila, ukungcola kwamanzi aqhutywe ngumphunga kwi-superheater kunye ne-injini yomphunga, kuya kubangela ukuqokelelwa kwetyuwa, kubangela ukufumba kwetyuwa kwinxalenye yokulimala. Ixabiso le-PH lisalathiso sokugweba i-acidity kunye ne-alkalinity yomgangatho wamanzi, ixabiso le-PH = -l0g (i-hydrogen ion concentration kwisisombululo, i-mol / L). Umxholo we-H + kunye ne-OH- emanzini acocekileyo yi-1x10-7mol / L, ngoko ke i-PH = 7. Ukuba i-asidi iyachithwa emanzini, njenge-hydrochloric acid HCI, i-H + i-concentration iya kwanda, i-concentration enkulu ye-H +, encinci ixabiso le-PH, i-PH 7 ngumgangatho wamanzi we-alkaline. Amanzi aphathwa ngendlela yeekhemikhali (i-ion exchange) ibonisa i-alkaline ebuthakathaka (PH = 8.8 ~ 9.2). Amanzi aneasidi abuthathaka adla ngokudla iintsimbi; Ukusebenzisa amanzi e-alkaline abuthathaka, kunenzuzo yokugqithiswa kwentsimbi kunye nobhedu, ukwenzela ukuba kungabikho lula ukutshatyalaliswa, kunye nokuthintela isikali sentsimbi kunye nesikali sobhedu ekubunjweni kwibhoyila kunye nomtshintshisi wobushushu.
Inkqubo yokunyanga amanzi
Inkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini amakhulu, inxalenye yokuqala yinkqubo yamanzi yokuthambisa ngokwasemzimbeni, eyesibini yinkqubo yokukhupha ityuwa ngemichiza. Inkqubo yamanzi athambekele ngokwasemzimbeni: amanzi akrwada (akwabizwa ngokuba ngamanzi akrwada) asuka kuthungelwano lonikezelo lwamanzi lwesityalo, ngesihluzo sesanti sequartz, isihluzo sekhabhoni esisebenzayo ukuze kususwe amasuntswana aqinileyo kunye nokungcola okuxhonyiweyo kumanzi akrwada, abizwa ngokuba ngamanzi acacisiweyo; Amanzi acacisiweyo ke asuswe ngesixhobo se-osmosis esingasemva ukususa uninzi lwe-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion kwaye abe ngamanzi athambekisiweyo. Inkqubo ye-Chemical desalination: amanzi athambileyo ngesixhobo sokususwa kwekhabhoni, susa ikharbon diokside emanzini (ngokungqongqo kuthiwa yiHC03-), kwaye ke ngokhuko oluxubeneyo, susa intsalela ye-calcium, i-magnesium, isodiyam, i-silicate kunye nezinye ii-ion eziyingozi emanzini, ibe yi-desalination, oko kukuthi, ibhoyila yonikezelo lwamanzi, egcinwe kwitanki lamanzi ekhupha ityuwa, kwaye emva koko ipompo yokukhupha ityuwa kwibhoyila.
Ukubuyisela umva itekhnoloji ye-osmosis kunyango lwamanzi lweplanti yamandla
I-osmosis ebuyela umva ikakhulu ibhekisa kusetyenziso lwetekhnoloji yokwahlula inwebu ukunyanga amanzi, eneempawu zesantya esiphezulu sokukhupha ityuwa emanzini, ukusetyenziswa okuqinileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kumashishini amaninzi. Undoqo wokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva ilele kwi-membrane ye-osmosis engasemva, eyenziwe ngohlobo lwemathiriyeli yepolymer kwaye inefilimu ekhethiweyo ye-semi-permeable. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo lwangaphandle, amanzi kwisisombululo angenza into ekhethiweyo yokucoca kunye namacandelo athile, kwaye emva koko uqonde injongo yokuhlanjululwa, ukuhlukana kunye nokugxininiswa. Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-osmosis eguqukayo kunyango lwamanzi lwezityalo zamandla kunokufumana iziphumo ezingcono, kwaye kuqonde ukugcinwa kobutyebi bamanzi kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo. Eli phepha lichaza kuqala umgaqo kunye neempawu zetekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva, emva koko ihlalutye usetyenziso olusebenzayo lwetekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva kunyango lwamanzi lweplanti yamandla, kwaye ekugqibeleni ixoxe ngemiba yesicelo sokuqwalaselwa kwetekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva.
Umgaqo we-osmosis eguqukayo
I-osmosis ye-reverse kukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo olwaneleyo ukuvumela i-solvent kwisisombululo ngokusebenzisa i-membrane ye-osmosis ejikelezayo, kwaye emva koko yahlulwe, isalathiso sichasene nolwalathiso lwe-osmosis, kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukwahlula, ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokugxila kwisisombululo ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunendlela ye-osmosis eguqukayo. Ngenxa yokuba ubukhulu bepore ye-reverse osmosis inwebu incinci kakhulu, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokuba kuhle kakhulu ekususeni iityuwa ezinyibilikileyo kunye ne-colloids, ibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane kunye nenye into ephilayo emanzini. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwahlula i-membrane ye-osmosis i-ion kwisisombululo, kwaye ukususwa okusebenzayo kwetyuwa emanzini kunokufezekiswa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo nayiphi na imichiza, kwaye izinga lokususa ityuwa linokufikelela ngaphezu kwama-98 ekhulwini.
Iimpawu zetekhnoloji ye-osmosis eguqukayo
Itekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva kukusetyenziswa komgaqo we-osmosis umva ukufezekisa ukusulungekiswa kunye nokuxinana kwesisombululo, ineempawu zokwahlula i-ding enkulu inezi mpawu zilandelayo: (1) Inqanaba lokuzenzekelayo elivezwa bubuchwephesha be-osmosis buphezulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okwenziwa yiyo kusezantsi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Isizathu esona sizathu kukuba amandla okuqhuba asetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokucoca amanzi luxinzelelo lwamanzi. Ngaphantsi kwemeko yokushisa kwegumbi kwaye akukho tshintsho lwesigaba, lunokuthanda ukuhlula i-solvent kunye ne-solute, ukulahlekelwa kwamacandelo asebenzayo kuncinci kakhulu, kwaye ifaneleke kakhulu ukuhlukana kunye nokuxinwa kwezinto ezinobushushu. Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yokwahlukana kwesigaba sokutshintsha, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi. ② Akukho mfuneko yokuthatha amanyathelo okuhlaziya, kuba inkqubo yonyango yindlela yokusabela ngokomzimba, ayiyi kusetyenziswa kwizinto zamakhemikhali, imveliso ayiyi kungcoliswa. (3) Iipropati ze-membrane ye-osmosis ye-reverse kunye nokuzinza kwayo, kwinkqubo yesicelo ayiyi kubonakala utshintsho lwesigaba, lwenziwa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokushisa, kwaye izinga lokususa ukungcola liphezulu kakhulu. (4) Isixhobo se-osmosis esibuyisela umva sinokuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ahlukeneyo akrwada, ulwakhiwo jikelele lwesixhobo lulula, kwaye ukusebenza kulula ngakumbi kwaye kuguquguquka kakhulu, isikali sokucubungula sinokuguquguquka okuthile, kwaye nokuba ukusebenza okuqhubekayo okanye ukusebenza okwethutyana kunokubakho. ⑤ Unokufumana inzuzo yezoqoqosho engcono. Iindleko ze-reverse osmosis system esebenzayo ziphantsi kakhulu kwaye utyalo-mali lunokufunyanwa kwakhona ngexesha elifutshane.
Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwetekhnoloji ye-osmosis eguqukayo kunyango lwamanzi lweplanti yamandla
1. Ukurisayikilishwa nokusetyenziswa kogutyulo olujikelezayo lokupholisa Amanzi okupholisa ajikelezayo asetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yombane oshushu athatha malunga ne-70% yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ewonke kwimizi-mveliso yamandla, ngoko ke ukurisayikilishwa kwawo nokusetyenziswa kwawo kunokubaluleka okubonakalayo okubaluleke kakhulu, okunokuqonda ukulondolozwa kobutyebi bamanzi obunyiniweyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iimfuno zesizwe zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo zikhula ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye ukusetwa kwezikhombisi ezinxulumene nokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kuya kuba ngqongqo ngakumbi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyukeni okukhulu kweendleko zezityalo zamandla kwinkqubo yokucoca amanzi amdaka. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha be-osmosis obungasemva kunokuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi amdaka. Idityaniswe nokusebenza kokwenyani kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kwiplanti yamandla, amanzi afunyenwe ngeteknoloji ye-osmosis eguqukayo anokusetyenziswa kumanzi ongezelelweyo okujikeleza kwamanzi okupholisa, kwaye aneempawu zokhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka. Emva kokusetyenziswa kweteknoloji ye-osmosis ye-reverse, umgangatho wamanzi wamanzi ajikelezayo uphuculwe kakhulu, i-turbidity iyancipha kakhulu, kwaye isongezelelo samanzi siye sancitshiswa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku, itekhnoloji ye-osmosis eguqukayo iya kuvelisa iindleko ezinkulu zokunyanga amanzi, kwaye utyalo-mali olukhulu kakhulu kunendlela yokucocwa kwamanzi kumzimba wamanzi endalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba inokunyanga amanzi amdaka kwangaxeshanye, utyalo-mali lweendleko zokusingqongileyo lunokuncitshiswa, kwaye nobutyebi bamanzi bukwabumba ukonga okuthile, ngoko ke iindleko ezibanzi zibonakala ngakumbi. Kuphunyezwe iqondo eliphezulu lobunye beenzuzo zoqoqosho, iinzuzo zentlalo kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo.
2.Inkunkuma yolwelo unyango lwebhoyila pickling Ngokusekelwe kuphando lokulinganisa ulinge kunyango lolwelo pickling inkunkuma kwiplanti yamandla, umbhali uthelekisa kwaye uhlalutya isiphumo unyango loxinzelelo oluphantsi composite inwebu, cellulose acetate inwebu kunye inwebu yamanzi olwandle ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji reverse osmosis kunye nemo yokujikeleza, kwaye emva koko ufumana ezi zigqibo zilandelayo: phakathi kwe-membrane ye-membrane emithathu, i-membrane ye-seamosis ingcono kakhulu. Ngoko ke, eyona nto ifanelekileyo kunyango lwe-osmosis ye-boiler pickling waste liquid yinwebu yamanzi olwandle, ukusetyenziswa kwonyango yindlela yokujikeleza. Ngokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva kunyango lwe-boiler pickling waste liquid kwiplanti yamandla, inokufikelela kwiziphumo ezilungileyo kakhulu kwaye ifezekise injongo elindelekileyo. Indlela efanelekileyo yokujongana nenkunkuma ye-citric acid kwibhoyila kukuba: emva kokuba inkunkuma ye-citric acid igxininiswe okokuqala yi-osmosis eguquguqukayo, inokukhutshelwa okanye isetyenziswe kwakhona. Emva kokususa isinyithi, i-spray yomisiwe, kwaye emva koko ukubuyiswa kwetyuwa ye-sodium citrate kuyenzeka. Ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yonyango kunokusombulula kakuhle ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo okubangelwa yi-asidi yokuhlamba inkunkuma kwibhoyila, kwaye ineenzuzo ezintle kakhulu zentlalo nezoqoqosho.3.Ukucocwa ngokucokisekileyo kwamanzi amdaka Ukuphathwa ngokubanzi kwamanzi amdaka kumaziko ombane yiprojekthi ecwangcisiweyo, ebandakanya ubukhulu becala iinxalenye ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: ukubuyiswa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokucocwa. Iteknoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva isetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, kunye nogutyulo lwasekhaya olufunyenweyo, amanzi adityanisiweyo, amanzi amdaka aneasidi kunye nealkali kunye namanzi okugungxulwa kwindawo, njl.njl. Amanzi abo axutyiweyo aneasidi. Emva konyango olubuthathaka lwe-asidi, kunokuqondwa ukubuyisela umva unyango lwe-osmosis, kwaye umthombo wamanzi emva kolu nyango unokufakwa ngokuthe ngqo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela akugcini nje ukunciphisa imfuno yamanzi kwindawo yombane, kodwa kuluncedo kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kobutyebi bamanzi kwiplanti yamandla, emva koko yenze ukuba ishishini lifumane uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Izilumkiso zokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha be-osmosis obungasemva
Ukukhethwa kwesixhobo Xa ukhetha i-membrane ye-osmosis yoqobo, iimpawu zomgangatho wamanzi ongenisiweyo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Xa isetyenziswe kunyango lwamanzi amdaka, i-membrane echasene nongcoliseko kufuneka isetyenziswe, okanye amanye amanyathelo onyango longcoliseko kufuneka asetyenziswe. Ubushushu obuyiliweyo bamanzi bunempembelelo enkulu kwisivuno samanzi. Ubuninzi bamanzi bento ye-membrane kufuneka buqwalaselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isivuno samanzi sinokufikelela kwisixa esiyiliweyo xa sisebenza kwindawo eyilelwe eyona ndawo iphantsi yobushushu bamanzi. Xa Isixhobo sonyango esiqhelekileyo se-REVERSE OSMOSIS AMANZI silungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa, Ubuninzi boxinzelelo lokungena kwintsebenzo yokuqala ye-REVERSE osmosis body kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-1.5 MPA. Kuyilo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo se-osmosis esingasemva sokukhutshwa kwetyuwa kumanzi olwandle, olona xinzelelo luphezulu lokungena oluvezwa kukusebenza kokuqala kwe-osmosis ebuyela umva umzimba ungaphantsi kwe-6.9 MPA. Isantya sokuhluza esilungiselelwe isihluzi sokucoca akufuneki sibe sikhulu kakhulu. Ukuba inokuthi isebenze njengesiqhelo ixesha elide, umjikelo wokutshintshwa kwesihluzo akufanele ube ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintathu.
Iiparamitha zokusebenza zesixhobo se-osmosis esingasemva ngexesha lokusebenza
Ngokwe-ANALYSIS yengxaki eqhelekileyo ye-REVERSE OSMOsis, iiparameters zokusebenza (izinga le-desalination kunye nereyithi yokubuyisela, njl.) yeyunithi ye-REVERSE OSMOsis esebenzayo kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno zekhontrakthi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinga lokukhupha ityuwa kufuneka libe likhulu kune 98 pesenti kwaye izinga lokubuyisela kufuneka libe ngaphezulu kwe-75 yepesenti kunyaka wokuqala. Ukuveliswa kwamanzi kufuneka kuhlangabezane nemigangatho yelizwe phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokushisa kwamanzi, kwaye i-valve switch kufuneka ibe yinto eguquguqukayo. Lilonke, ishishini lamandla ombane lishishini elisisiseko elibonelela ngamandla ombane akumgangatho ophezulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla baBantu, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni umgangatho wokuphila kwabantu kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha be-osmosis eguqukayo kunyango lwamanzi lweplanti yamandla kuye kwakha isiphumo esihle, oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa ukwenzeka kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kodwa nokufezekisa ukugcinwa kobutyebi bamanzi. Iteknoloji yesixhobo se-osmosis ebuyela umva idityaniswe nemeko yokwenyani yonyango lwamanzi lweplanti yamandla, kwaye ke ixabiso lezinto ezisetyenziswa bubuchwephesha be-osmosis buncitshiswa, usetyenziso lwendalo yonke lwetekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva kwiplanti yamandla iyafezekiswa, kwaye isivuno esiphindwe kabini seenzuzo zoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle yesityalo samandla siyafezekiswa.