Isisombululo se-SWRO saManzi oLwandle okuTyulwa kwetyuwa kuManzi oLwandle okuTyulwa kwetyuwa eReverse Osmosis kwisiXhobo saManzi

Amanzi ngumthombo wobomi, abubutyebi bendalo obuxabisekileyo nobungenakubuyiselwa ebantwini, kwanobomi bophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho. Ukunqongophala kobutyebi bamanzi kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi oluya lusanda kakhulu lube ngumqobo othintela inkqubela yoluntu kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho. Ukongeza kulawulo lwezenzululwazi kunye nokwabiwa kwemithombo yamanzi ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo, kukwabaluleke kakhulu ukudlala ngokupheleleyo indima yobugcisa obuphezulu ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwamanzi. Ukukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokusombulula ukunqongophala kwemithombo yamanzi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho intaphane yeendlela zokukhupha ityuwa emanzini olwandle, ingakumbi kubandakanywa ukudilwa, indlela yemembrane, indlela ye-electrodialysis kunye nendlela yokukhenkcisa. Phakathi kwazo, indlela ye-reverse osmosis (SWRO) yendlela yemembrane yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokuphuhlisa, olona tyalo-mali luphantsi, olona gcino lwamandla kunye nelona xabiso liphantsi lobuchwephesha lokukhupha ityuwa. Inkqubo ye-Reverse osmosis yitekhnoloji yokucoca amanzi esebenzayo kunye nokusingqongileyo, esetyenziswa kakhulu ekususweni kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle, ukucocwa kwamanzi akwimizi-mveliso, ukucocwa kwamanzi okusela kunye namanye amacandelo.

Umgaqo wokusebenza we-reverse osmosis inkqubo yokususwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle isekelwe ikakhulu kwitekhnoloji yokwahlula inwebu. Itekhnoloji yokwahlula iMembrane luhlobo lwetekhnoloji yokwahlula kunye nokucoca izinto ezahlukeneyo ngokukhetha ngokudlula kwiifilimu zepolymer. Kwiinkqubo ze-osmosis zokuchithwa kwe-salination, ifilimu ye-polymer i-asymmetric structure eyenziwe yi-cortex exineneyo kunye nomgangatho oxhasayo okhululekileyo. Icortex eshinyeneyo ngumaleko wesihluzi senwebu kwaye inomlinganiselo wepore okwinqanaba lemicrometer onqanda into eninzi enqunyanyisiweyo, into enyityilisiweyo kunye nemicroorganisms ukuba zidlule. Uluhlu lwenkxaso olukhululekileyo luluhlu oluxhasayo lwe-membrane, onobubanzi obukhulu be-pore kwaye inokuqinisekisa amandla omatshini jikelele we-membrane.

Ukususwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle ukubuyisela umva inkqubo ye-osmosis

Iinkqubo zeReverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination (SWRO) ziye zaba bubugcisa obubalulekileyo kummandla wokukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle, ebonelela ngesisombululo esizinzileyo kwingxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi eyandayo kwihlabathi. Inkqubo ye-osmosis yamanzi olwandle ibandakanya amanyathelo angundoqo aliqela okuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi okusela akumgangatho ophezulu aveliswa kumanzi olwandle. Ukuqonda umyinge wokuqukuqela kwenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwayo kokukhupha ityuwa kunye neenzuzo. Inkqubo yenkqubo ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo: 1.Ukuhluzwa okusisiseko: Amanzi olwandle akrwada adlula kuqala kwisihluzo sokuqala ukuze asuse ngempumelelo amasuntswana amakhulu, izinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo kunye nokungcola okuthile. Eli nyathelo libalulekile ekulungiseni amanzi olwandle ukuze alungele ukusetyenzwa ngakumbi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenzwa okulandelayo kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

2. Ukuhluzwa okwesibini: Amanzi okuqala ahluziweyo adlula kwisihluzo sekhabhoni esisebenzayo sokucoca isibini. Injongo yale nqanaba kukususa izinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-organic matter kunye ne-chlorine eseleyo, ukuhlambulula ngakumbi amanzi olwandle, nokulungiselela isigaba esilandelayo sonyango. 3. Ukuhluzwa okuchanekileyo: Amanzi ke ahlanjululwa ngokuchaneka ngesihluzo esichanekileyo ukuze asuse ngakumbi amasuntswana, iibhaktheriya kunye nobunye ukungcola. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba amanzi acocwe kakuhle ngaphambi kokuba angene entliziyweni yenkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo. 4. I-Reverse Osmosis Membrane: Amanzi acociweyo ngokuchanekileyo ahlanjululwe emva koko aqondiswe kwi-membrane ye-osmosis ejikelezayo, eyona nxalenye ephambili yenkqubo. I-Reverse osmosis membranes inceda ukwahlula kunye nokususa iityuwa, izinto eziphilayo, isinyithi esinzima, kunye nezinye izinto ukuvelisa amanzi acocekileyo, anetyuwa. 5. Ukubulala iintsholongwane kunye noGcino: Emva kokuba amanzi edlula kwi-reverse osmosis inwebu, ibulawa iintsholongwane ukuze isuse naziphi na ii-microorganisms eziseleyo. Amanzi acociweyo agcinwa kwiitanki ezilungele ukuhanjiswa nokusetyenziswa.

Uncedo lwenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva ekukhutshweni kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle zininzi. Inkqubo ineempawu zokusebenza kakuhle, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, ukonga amandla kunye nokhuseleko. I-teknoloji ye-osmosis ye-Reverse inokususa ngaphezu kwe-99% yezinto ezinobungozi ezifana netyuwa, i-organic matter, isinyithi esinzima, njl., Ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwamanzi acocekileyo kumanzi olwandle kunye nokusombulula imfuno engxamisekileyo yemithombo yamanzi amatsha. Iingenelo zokusingqongileyo zenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva nazo zibalulekile. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokukhupha ityuwa emanzini olwandle, iinkqubo ze-RO azifuni umthamo omkhulu weekhemikhali, azivelisi amanzi amdaka, kwaye zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Le ndlela ezinzileyo yokukhutshwa kwetyuwa ihambelana neenzame zehlabathi zokukhuthaza ukucocwa kwamanzi kunye nezisombululo zolondolozo.

Ukongeza kwiinzuzo zokusingqongileyo, iinkqubo ze-osmosis ezibuyisela umva zinokugcinwa okuphantsi, kulula ukusebenza, kwaye zilungele iimeko ezahlukeneyo zamanzi. Ezi propati zenza iinkqubo ze-osmosis ezibuyela umva zibe lukhetho olusebenzayo noluthembekileyo lokukhupha ityuwa, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinonikezelo lwamanzi acocekileyo anganeno. Ngamafutshane, inkqubo ye-reverse osmosis system ekukhupheni ityuwa iqulathe uthotho lwamanyathelo asisiseko athi ekugqibeleni avelise amanzi acocekileyo okusela kumanzi olwandle. Ngokusebenza kakuhle, iinzuzo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokuguquguquka, iinkqubo ze-osmosis ezibuyela umva zibuchwephesha obuphambili bokujongana nokunqongophala kwamanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okuzinzileyo kwimithombo yamanzi acocekileyo.

Ukungeniswa kunye nokubuyisela umva i-osmosis

I-Reverse osmosis yinkqubo ebuyela umva ye-osmosis. I-Permeability yinto yendalo. Iimolekyuli zamanzi kwisisombululo se-dilute ziya kusasazeka kwi-membrane e-semi-permeable ukuya kwicala lesisombululo esigxininisiweyo ngesantya esikhawulezayo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo, umgangatho wolwelo kwicala lamanzi amatsha uya kuqhubeka ukuncipha, okukhokelela kumohluko woxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic. Umahluko kuxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic kweli nqanaba libizwa ngokuba yi-osmotic pressure (uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic phakathi kwamanzi olwandle kunye nojongano lwamanzi amatsha malunga ne-2.4MPa).

Inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva ichasene. Kwi-SWRO, uxinzelelo olukhulu kunoxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwamanzi olwandle kwelinye icala luya kubangela iimolekyuli zamanzi kumanzi olwandle ukuba zidlule kwi-membrane kwaye ityuwa iya kubanjiswa. Ngokwethiyori, ngakumbi uxinzelelo lwangaphandle, kokukhona i-osmosis ebuyela umva yeemolekyuli zamanzi kumanzi olwandle iya kuba njalo. Inxalenye ephambili yenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva yinwebu yokwenziwa evumela ukuba kudlule iimolekyuli zamanzi kuphela. Inwebu ethe tyaba ye-reverse osmosis inwebu kufuneka yenziwe kuqwalaselo oluthile phambi kokuba isetyenziswe kubunjineli bonyango lwamanzi. Kule mihla, ekukhutshweni kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle, i-aromamide coil membrane element isetyenziswa kakhulu.

I-diaphragm evelisa amanzi ifakwe phakathi kweziqwenga ezibini ze-membrane, kwaye umaleko we-membrane udityaniswe kunye kwimiphetho emithathu ye-membrane umaleko, uze udityaniswe ne-diaphragm yokungena kwamanzi kunye kunye nenxeba kwi-tube ephakathi kwe-porous. Ekugqibeleni, i-end cap ye-perforated ifakwe kuzo zombini iziphelo kwaye ifakwe kwi-encapsulated ukwenza i-rolled membrane element. Iziqalelo zorhwebo reverse osmosis inwebu ziza kwiinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo, kunye neyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu inwebu ekukhupheni ityuwa enobubanzi obuyi-200mm kunye nobude obuqhelekileyo be-1000mm.

I-SWRO iqulethe impompo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, isitya soxinzelelo, kunye nesixhobo sokubuyisela amandla. Emva kokuba amanzi olwandle efakwe ngaphambili kwaye ecinezelwe kwinqanawa yoxinzelelo lweyunithi ye-osmosis ebuyela umva yimpompo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, amanzi olwandle adlula kuqala kwinto yokuqala ye-membrane kwaye aqukuqele kumjelo wesithintelo sokungena sento ye-membrane enenxeba elijikelezayo. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, inxalenye yeamolekyu zamanzi ingena ngokuqhubekayo kwi-membrane kwaye ingene ityhubhu ephakathi yento edibeneyo ye-membrane ngokusebenzisa umjelo wokuhamba komqobo wokuvelisa amanzi, ukuvelisa amanzi emveliso. Ukuphumla kwamanzi angenayo aqhubeka ehamba ecaleni kwendlela yokuhamba ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo le-membrane. Le nkqubo iqhutywa ngokulandelelana. Xa amanzi anempembelelo edlula kwi-membrane elandelayo, ukuxinwa kwamanzi okuchaphazelayo kuyanda. Xa ihamba nge-membrane yokugqibela, amanzi anempembelelo iba ngamanzi agxininiswe.

Ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela ye-thermal, i-SWRO ayinayo inkqubo yokuguqulwa kwesigaba sokunyuka komphunga kunye ne-condensation. Awona mandla asetyenziswayo e-SWRO luxinzelelo oluphezulu lokumpompa amandla ukuqonda inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva, eyenza ixabiso lokuvelisa amanzi le-osmosis ebuyela umva libe sezantsi kunelo lendlela ye-thermal. Ukongeza, xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ye-thermal, izixhobo zayo nazo zineempawu zemodyuli kunye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu kwenkqubo. Ukunqunyanyiswa kunye nokugcinwa kwezibonelelo zasekhaya akunakuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo yonke inkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, i-SWRO ifuna inkqubo entsonkothileyo necolekileyo yonyango lwangaphambili, kwaye abavelisi bemembrane abohlukeneyo borhwebo baneemfuno ezingqongqo kwi-SDI, i-pH, ubushushu, intsalela yeklorini kunye nezinye izikhombisi ze-polyamide reverse osmosis membrane. Xa i-pretreatment ingafikanga kumgangatho, ukungcola kunye nokulinganisa kwe-membrane surface kuya kukhawuleziswa, kwaye ubomi benkonzo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nomgangatho wamanzi wemveliso yemodyuli ye-membrane iya kuchaphazeleka ekusebenzeni, ngoko kwandisa iindleko zokuvelisa amanzi.

Isixhobo sokubuyisela amandla sesinye isixhobo esiphambili. Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-SWRO lubalelwa ekusetyenzisweni kwesixhobo sokubuyisela amandla kunye nokwanda kokusebenza kakuhle kwinkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva ukongeza ekuqhubekekeni kokulungiswa kwemathiriyeli ye-membrane kunye namalungu e-membrane. Namhlanje, iiyunithi ezisebenza kakuhle zohlobo lwe-PX zokubuyisela uxinzelelo zinokuphinda zifumane ngaphezulu kwe-95% yamandla kumanzi axinanisiweyo kwaye ziwacinezele kumanzi olwandle, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva ngesiqingatha. I-TDS ye-primary reverse osmosis effluent imalunga ne-300-500mg / L, ethe yahlangabezana neemfuno ezilinganiselweyo ze-World Health Organization zokusela i-TDS index (500mg / L). I-SWRO isetyenziselwe ukubonelela ngamanzi okusela ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kwiindawo ezinqongopheleyo zamanzi. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, i-SWRO yaqala ukukhuphisana nenkqubo yesiqhelo yobushushu. Ngenxa yeenzuzo zotyalo-mali oluphantsi lwezixhobo, umjikelo omfutshane wokwakha, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezininzi, i-SWRO iphuhlise ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibe yeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo kwimarike yehlabathi yokukhupha ityuwa. Okwangoku, i-SWRO ephambili isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lukamasipala, yiyo loo nto amandla enkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva ekhula ngokukhawuleza. Uphando lwexesha elizayo malunga nenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva luya kujolisa kuphuhliso lokonga ngakumbi kwamandla kunye nokuqina okutsha kwe-osmosis inwebu kunye namalungu e-membrane, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neendleko zokugcina, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa amanzi. S19qen

Enyanisweni, inkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo ibe yiteknoloji ebalulekileyo kwintsimi yonyango lwamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, kwintsimi yokukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle, iinkqubo ze-osmosis ezibuyisela umva zinokususa ngokufanelekileyo ngaphezu kwe-99% yetyuwa kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi kumanzi olwandle, ukufezekisa ukuchithwa kwamanzi olwandle okusebenzayo. Kwintsimi yonyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso, inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva inokubonelela ngenkqubo ekumgangatho ophezulu wamanzi, iphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Kwintsimi yokucocwa kwamanzi okusela, inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva inokususa izinto ezahlukeneyo eziyingozi emanzini kwaye ibonelele ngamanzi okusela akhuselekileyo nanempilo. Ngamafutshane, inkqubo ye-osmosis ye-reverse yitekhnoloji yokucoca amanzi esebenzayo kunye neyokusingqongileyo enoluhlu olubanzi lwamathemba okusetyenziswa. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva iya kuqhubeka iphucula kwaye yanda, ukubonelela ngamanzi okusela angcono kunye namanzi avela kwimizi-mveliso kubantu.