Isixazululo Sokukhipha Usawoti Kwamanzi Olwandle I-SWRO ---- UHlelo Lokukhipha Usawoti Wamanzi Olwandle Oluhlehliswayo lwe-Osmosis Yokuhlanza Amanzi

Amanzi awumthombo wokuphila, umthombo wemvelo oyigugu futhi ongenakuthathelwa indawo womuntu, futhi awumthombo wempilo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle nezomnotho. Ukwentuleka kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi okwandayo okuyingozi kube yisithiyo esivimba inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho. Ukwengeza ekuphathweni kwesayensi kanye nokwabiwa okuphelele kwemithombo yamanzi, kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukudlala ngokugcwele endimeni yezindlela zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwamanzi. Ukukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle kuwuhlelo olubalulekile lokuxazulula ukuntuleka kwemithombo yamanzi. Kuze kube manje, sekunenqwaba yezindlela zokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa ukucwiliswa kwamanzi, indlela ye-membrane, indlela ye-electrodialysis kanye nendlela yokubandisa. Phakathi kwazo, indlela ye-reverse osmosis (SWRO) yendlela ye-membrane ethuthukayo ngokushesha, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi, ukonga kakhulu kwamandla kanye nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zobuchwepheshe bokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Uhlelo lwe-Reverse osmosis luwubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza amanzi obusebenzayo futhi obuhambisana nemvelo, obusetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhishweni kukasawoti emanzini olwandle, ekuhlanzeni amanzi ezimbonini, ekuhlanzeni amanzi okuphuza neminye imikhakha.

Umgomo wokusebenza we-reverse osmosis uhlelo lokususa usawoti emanzini olwandle lusekelwe ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ama-Membrane wuhlobo lobuchwepheshe lokuhlukanisa nokuhlanza izinto ezihlukene ngokudlula ngokukhetha kumafilimu e-polymer. Ezinhlelweni zokuhlehla ze-osmosis zokususa usawoti emanzini, ifilimu ye-polymer iyisakhiwo esingalinganisi esihlanganiswe ne-cortex ecinene kanye nongqimba olusekelayo olukhululekile. I-cortex eminyene ungqimba lwesihlungi solwelwesi futhi inosayizi wembotshana weleveli ye-micrometer evimbela izinto eziningi ezimisiwe, izinto ezincibilikisiwe kanye nama-microorganisms ukuthi adlule. Isendlalelo sokusekela esixekethile siwungqimba olusekelayo lwelwelwesi, olunobubanzi bembotshana enkulu futhi lungaqinisekisa amandla omshini jikelele welwelwesi.

Ukukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle kubuyisela emuva ukugeleza kwesistimu ye-osmosis

I-Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination System (SWRO) isiphenduke ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile emkhakheni wokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, okuhlinzeka ngesixazululo esiqhubekayo enkingeni yokushoda kwamanzi eyandayo emhlabeni. Inqubo ye-seawater reverse osmosis ibandakanya izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi okuphuza ekhwalithi ephezulu akhiqizwa emanzini olwandle. Ukuqonda izinga lokugeleza kwesistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza kahle kwayo kokukhipha usawoti emanzini kanye nezinzuzo. Inqubo yesistimu ihlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo: 1.Ukuhlunga okuyisisekelo: Amanzi olwandle aluhlaza aqale adlule kusihlungi esiyinhloko ukuze akhiphe ngempumelelo izinhlayiya ezinkulu, okuqinile okumisiwe nokunye ukungcola. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ukulungisa amanzi olwandle ukuze aqhubeke nokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucutshungulwa okulandelayo kusebenza kahle kakhulu.

2. Ukuhlunga kwesibili: Amanzi ahlungiwe ayinhloko adlula kusihlungi sekhabhoni esicushiwe ukuze sihlungwe okwesibili. Inhloso yalesi sigaba ukususa izinto eziyingozi njengezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-chlorine esele, kuqhubeke ukuhlanza amanzi olwandle, nokulungiselela isigaba esilandelayo sokwelashwa. 3. Ukuhlunga okunembayo: Amanzi abe esehlungwa ngokunemba ngesihlungi esinembayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokukhipha izinhlayiya, amagciwane nokunye ukungcola. Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ahlanzeke ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokungena enhliziyweni yenqubo ye-osmosis ehlanekezelwe. 4. I-Reverse Osmosis Membrane: Amanzi ahlungiwe ngokunemba abe eseqondiswa ngolwelwesi lwe-osmosis oluphambene, oluyingxenye eyinhloko yesistimu. I-Reverse osmosis membranes isiza ukuhlukanisa nokukhipha usawoti, izinto eziphilayo, izinsimbi ezisindayo, nezinye izinto ukuze kukhiqizwe amanzi ahlanzekile, akhishwe usawoti. 5. Ukubulala Amagciwane Nokugcinwa: Ngemva kokuba amanzi edlule kulwelwesi lwe-osmosis olungemuva, luyakhishwa amagciwane ukuze kuqedwe noma yiziphi izinambuzane ezincane ezisele. Amanzi ahlanzekile abe esegcinwa emathangeni alungele ukusatshalaliswa nokusetshenziswa.

Izinzuzo zezinhlelo ze-osmosis ezihlehlayo ekukhishweni kwamanzi olwandle usawoti ziningi. Uhlelo lunezici zokusebenza kahle kakhulu, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukonga amandla nokuphepha. Ubuchwepheshe be-Reverse Osmosis bungasusa ngaphezu kuka-99% wezinto eziyingozi njengosawoti, izinto eziphilayo, izinsimbi ezisindayo, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile emanzini olwandle kanye nokuxazulula isidingo esiphuthumayo semithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile. Izinzuzo zemvelo zezinhlelo ze-osmosis ezihlehlayo nazo zibalulekile. Ngokungafani nezindlela ezivamile zokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, amasistimu e-RO awadingi inani elikhulu lamakhemikhali, awakhiqizi amanzi angcolile, futhi ayihambisani nemvelo. Le ndlela esimeme yokukhipha usawoti emanzini ihambisana nemizamo yomhlaba wonke yokukhuthaza ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi kanye nezixazululo zokongiwa kwemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zemvelo, amasistimu e-osmosis ahlehlayo anokugcinwa okuphansi, kulula ukusebenza, futhi afanele izimo zamanzi ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zakhiwo zenza izinhlelo ze-osmosis ezihlehlayo zibe inketho esebenzayo nethembekile yokukhipha usawoti emanzini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile alinganiselwe. Kafushane, inqubo ye-reverse osmosis system ekukhipheni usawoti emanzini iqukethe uchungechunge lwezinyathelo eziyisisekelo ezigcina zikhiqize amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza emanzini olwandle. Ngokusebenza kahle, izinzuzo zemvelo kanye nokuvumelana nezimo, izinhlelo zokuhlehlisa i-osmosis ziwubuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokubhekana nokushoda kwamanzi nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala okusimeme kwemithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile.

Ukungena nokuhlehlisa i-osmosis

I-Reverse osmosis iyinqubo ehlehlayo ye-osmosis. I-Permeability yinto engokwemvelo. Ama-molecule wamanzi kusisombululo esincibilikisiwe azosakazwa kulwelwesi olungena kancane ukuya ohlangothini lwesisombululo esigxilile ngesivinini esisheshayo. Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni, izinga le-liquid ohlangothini lwamanzi ahlanzekile lizoqhubeka nokuncipha, okuholela kumehluko we-hydrostatic pressure. Umehluko ku-hydrostatic pressure kuleli qophelo ubizwa ngokuthi i-osmotic pressure (ingcindezi ye-osmotic phakathi kwamanzi olwandle nesixhumi esibonakalayo samanzi ahlanzekile icishe ibe ngu-2.4MPa).

Inqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo iphambene. Ku-SWRO, ingcindezi enkulu kunomfutho we-osmotic wamanzi olwandle ohlangothini olulodwa izobangela ama-molecule amanzi emanzini olwandle ukuthi adlule kulwelwesi futhi usawoti uzovaleleka. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi, lapho ingcindezi yangaphandle inkulu, i-osmosis ehlehlayo yama-molecule amanzi emanzini olwandle izoshesha. Ingxenye ewumnyombo yenqubo ye-osmosis engemuva iwulwelwesi lokwenziwa oluvumela ukuthi kudlule ama-molecule amanzi kuphela. Ulwelwesi oluyisicaba lolwelwesi lwe-osmosis olubuyela emuva ludinga ukwenziwa ukulungiselelwa okuthile ngaphambi kokuthi lusetshenziswe kubunjiniyela bokuhlanza amanzi. Namuhla, ekukhishweni kukasawoti emanzini olwandle, i-aromamide polyamide coil membrane element isetshenziswa kakhulu.

I-diaphragm ekhiqiza amanzi ifakwa phakathi kwezingcezu ezimbili zolwelwesi oluyisicaba, futhi ungqimba lwe-membrane luhlanganiswe ndawonye emaphethelweni amathathu ongqimba lolwelwesi, bese luhlanganiswa ne-diaphragm yokungena kwamanzi ndawonye bese ilimala eshubhuni elimaphakathi elinezimbotshana. Ekugcineni, i-end cap ene-perforated ifakwe emikhawulweni yomibili futhi ihlanganiswe ukuze kwenziwe isici se-membrane esigoqiwe. Ama-elementi olwelwesi lwe-osmosis ahlanekezela ezohwebo afika ngokucaciswa okuhlukahlukene, nento esetshenziswa kakhulu ulwelwesi ekukhishweni kukasawoti emanzini enobubanzi obungu-200mm nobude obujwayelekile obungu-1000mm.

I-SWRO iqukethe iphampu enengcindezi ephezulu, umkhumbi ocindezelayo, kanye nethuluzi lokubuyisela amandla. Ngemva kokuba amanzi olwandle eshaywe ngaphambili futhi ecindezelwa emkhunjini wokucindezela weyunithi ye-osmosis ehlanekezelwa yiphampu yokucindezela okukhulu, amanzi olwandle aqale adlule engxenyeni yokuqala yolwelwesi bese egeleza kumzila wokuvimbela ongenisayo wesici solwelwesi esilimele ngokuvunguza. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephakeme, ingxenye yama-molecule amanzi ingena ngokuqhubekayo ngolwelwesi futhi ingene eshubhuni elimaphakathi lesici solwelwesi olugoqiwe ngomzila wokugeleza womgoqo okhiqiza amanzi, okhiqiza amanzi omkhiqizo. Amanye amanzi angenayo ayaqhubeka nokugeleza ngendlela yokugeleza eya engxenyeni elandelayo ye-membrane. Lolu hlelo lwenziwa ngokulandelana. Lapho amanzi anamandla edlula engxenyeni elandelayo ye-membrane, ukugxila kwamanzi okunomthelela kuyanda. Uma igeleza engxenyeni yokugcina ye-membrane, amanzi anethonya aba amanzi agxilile.

Ihlukile endleleni yokushisa, i-SWRO ayinayo inqubo yokuguqula isigaba sokuhwamuka nokufiphala. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuyinhloko kwe-SWRO amandla okumpompa ingcindezi ephezulu ukuze kubonakale inqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo, eyenza izindleko zokukhiqiza amanzi ze-osmosis ehlehlayo zibe ngaphansi kunaleyo yendlela eshisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yokushisa, imishini yayo nayo inezici zesakhiwo se-modular kanye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu kwenqubo. Ukumiswa nokugcinwa kwezinsiza zendawo angeke kuphazamise ukusebenza kwalo lonke uhlelo. Nokho, i-SWRO idinga inqubo yokwelapha eyinkimbinkimbi nenhle, futhi abakhiqizi abahlukene bolwelwesi lwezentengiselwano banezidingo eziqinile ku-SDI, i-pH, izinga lokushisa, i-chlorine esele nezinye izinkomba ze-polyamide reverse osmosis membrane. Uma ukwelapha ngaphambi kwesikhathi kufinyelela ezingeni elijwayelekile, ukungcoliswa nokulinganiswa kwe-membrane surface kuzosheshiswa, futhi impilo yesevisi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi yomkhiqizo wemoduli ye-membrane izothinteka ekusebenzeni, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise izindleko zokukhiqiza amanzi.

Idivayisi yokuthola amandla ingenye imishini ebalulekile. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwe-SWRO kudalwe ukusetshenziswa kwedivayisi yokubuyisela amandla ngokukhula okusebenzayo ohlelweni lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo ngaphezu kokusebenza kahle okuqhubekayo kwezinto zolwelwesi kanye nezingxenye zolwelwesi. Namuhla, amayunithi asebenza kahle kakhulu ohlobo lwe-PX angathola amandla angaphezu kuka-95% emanzini agxilile futhi awacindezele emanzini olwandle, ehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwenqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo cishe ngesigamu. I-TDS ye-primary reverse osmosis effluent icishe ibe ngu-300-500mg/L, ehlangabezane nezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe ze-World Health Organization zenkomba ye-TDS yamanzi okuphuza (500mg/L). I-SWRO isetshenziselwe ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza ngezinga elikhulu ezindaweni ezingenawo amanzi. Ngawo-1980, i-SWRO yaqala ukuncintisana nenqubo yendabuko yokushisa. Ngenxa yezinzuzo zokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini ephansi, umjikelezo omfushane wokwakha, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi nezinye izinzuzo eziningi, i-SWRO ithuthuke ngokushesha futhi isibe inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu emakethe yokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Njengamanje, i-SWRO eyinhloko isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini kamasipala, yingakho amandla enqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo ekhula ngokushesha. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo mayelana nenqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo luzogxila ekuthuthukisweni kokonga amandla kakhudlwana futhi okuhlala isikhathi eside ulwelwesi lwe-osmosis olusha kanye nezingxenye ze-membrane, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokunakekelwa, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza amanzi. S19 nxa

Empeleni, i-reverse osmosis system isibe ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile emkhakheni wokwelapha amanzi. Isibonelo, emkhakheni wokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, amasistimu e-osmosis ahlehlayo angasusa ngempumelelo ngaphezu kuka-99% kasawoti nezinye izinto eziyingozi emanzini olwandle, kufezwe ukukhishwa kwamanzi olwandle ngokuphumelelayo. Emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini, i-reverse osmosis system ingahlinzeka ngamanzi enqubo yekhwalithi ephezulu, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Emkhakheni wokuhlanzwa kwamanzi okuphuza, uhlelo lwe-osmosis oluphambene lungasusa izinto ezihlukahlukene eziyingozi emanzini futhi lunikeze amanzi okuphuza aphephile nanempilo. Ngamafuphi, uhlelo lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo luwubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi obusebenzayo futhi obungayingeni imvelo obunohlu olubanzi lwamathemba okufaka isicelo. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, isistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo izoqhubeka nokwenza ngcono futhi yandise, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza asezingeni elingcono kanye namanzi ezimboni kubantu.