I-Reverse Osmosis (RO) Technology In Power Plant Water Treatment
Inqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi ngamakhemikhali yesikhungo samandla
Isistimu yokuhlanza amanzi ngekhemikhali yesikhungo samandla I. Isidingo sokuhlanza amanzi ngamakhemikhali sibonakala kusukela ezingeni lekhwalithi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi Okulandelayo yizindinganiso zekhwalithi yamanzi okuphakelayo kubhayela: Ubulukhuni obuphelele (umol/L), umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe (μg/L), ukuqhutshwa kukagesi (us/cm), i-silica (μg/L), PH (25 ℃ ℃), i-carbon dioxide (μg/10
Izinga lamanzi elibi, ikakhulukazi i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sodium ne-silicate ion edlula izinga, izobangela izingozi ezilandelayo emishinini eshisayo: 1.Ukukala kwemishini eshisayo: uma izinga lamanzi kubhayela noma esinye isishintshi sokushisa liphansi, ngemva kwesikhathi sokusebenza, okunye okunamathiselwe okuqinile kuzokwenziwa endaweni yokushisa lapho kuthintana namanzi. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukukala, futhi lezi zinamathiselo eziqinile zibizwa ngokuthi isikali. Ngenxa yokuthi i-thermal conductivity of scale iphindwe ngamakhulu izikhathi ezimbi kunezensimbi, futhi lezi zilinganiso zikhiqizwa kalula ku-boiler tube enomthwalo wokushisa ophezulu, ngakho-ke isikali siyingozi kakhulu ku-boiler (noma isishintshi sokushisa); Ingenza izinga lokushisa lodonga lwepayipi lensimbi engxenyeni yesikali liphakeme kakhulu, libangele amandla ensimbi ukuba anciphe, ukuze ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezela kwepayipi, kuzoba nokuguqulwa kwendawo yepayipi, i-bulge, futhi kubangele ngisho nezingozi ezimbi kakhulu ezifana nokuqhuma kwe-tube. Ukukala akugcini nje ukubeka engozini ukusebenza okuphephile, kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu umnotho wezitshalo zamandla. Isibonelo, uma kunesikali esiwugqinsi esingu-1mm kusilinganisi sezomnotho kubhayela wesikhungo samandla ashisayo, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kungaphezulu ngo-1.5% ~ 2.0% kunokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ukuvimbela ngempumelelo noma ukunciphisa ukukala kuzoveza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho. Ukwengeza, izinga lamanzi lamanzi ajikelezayo liphansi, futhi ukukala ku-condenser ye-steam turbine kuzoholela ekwehlisweni kwezinga le-vacuum ye-condenser, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kanye nokuphuma kwe-steam turbine. Ukulinganisa kwe-superheater kuzokwenza izinga lokushisa le-steam lingafinyeleli inani lokuklama, okuzonciphisa umnotho wesistimu yonke yokushisa. Ngemuva kokulinganisa imishini eshisayo, umsebenzi wokuhlanza kufanele wenziwe ngesikhathi, okuzovala imishini futhi kunciphise amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka wemishini; Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo womsebenzi kanye nezindleko zokunakekela kufanele kunyuswe.
2. Ukugqwala kwemishini eshisayo kanye nesistimu yayo: insimbi yezinto ezishisayo esitshalweni samandla kagesi ivame ukuthintana namanzi. Uma izinga lamanzi liphansi, lizodala ukugqwala kwensimbi, okufana nepayipi eliphakela amanzi, isilondolozi samalahle, i-evaporator, i-heater, i-heater enkulu kanye nepayipi lokushintshanisa ukushisa le-condenser ye-steam turbine, kuzogqwala ngenxa yekhwalithi yamanzi ephansi. I-Corrosion ayifinyezi nje impilo yesevisi yemishini ngokwayo, kodwa futhi ibangela ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizo wokugqwala udluliselwa emanzini, okwandisa ukungcola emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kubhebhethekise inqubo yokukala endaweni yokushisa yomthwalo wokushisa okuphezulu, futhi ukukala kuzosheshisa ukugqwala kwe-tube yesithando somlilo. Lo mjikelezo ononya ungaholela ngokushesha ekuqhumeni kwamashubhu nezinye izingozi.
3. Ukunqwabelana kukasawoti engxenyeni ejikelezayo ye-superheater kanye ne-steam turbine: izinga eliphansi lamanzi lizokwenza ukuthi isitimu sincibilike futhi sithwale ukungcola (ikakhulukazi i-Na+ kanye ne-HSi03- ion) kwande, lokhu kungcola kuzofakwa engxenyeni yokujikeleza yesitimu, njenge-superheater kanye ne-steam turbine, le nto ibizwa ngokuthi ukunqwabelana kukasawoti. Ukunqwabelana kukasawoti kushubhu ye-superheater kungabangela udonga lwamashubhu ensimbi ukuthi lushise kakhulu noma luqhume. I-valve izovalwa ngokukhululekile ngenxa yokunqwabelana kukasawoti, futhi ukunqwabelana kukasawoti ku-turbine yesitimu kuzonciphisa kakhulu ukuphuma nokusebenza kahle kwe-steam turbine. Ngisho nenani elincane lokuqoqwa kukasawoti lizokwandisa kakhulu ukumelana nokujikeleza kwe-steam, ukuze ukukhishwa kwe-steam turbine kuzokwehla. Uma ukunqwabelana kukasawoti we-steam turbine kubi kakhulu, kuzophinda kukhuphule umthwalo we-thrust bese kugoba isihlukanisi, okuholela ekuvaleni kwengozi.
Kafushane, ubulukhuni obukhulu bokunikezwa kwamanzi, okubonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-calcium ne-magnesium ion kukhulu, kulula ukubangela kubhayela indawo yokushisa ngayinye, isigubhu nodonga lwepayipi ukugqwala nokugqwala, ukukhanya kunomthelela ekuqhutshweni kokushisa, imbangela enzima yokuqhuma kweshubhu le-boiler, ukungcola kwamanzi athwalwa umusi ku-superheater kanye ne-steam turbine, kuzodala ukunqwabelana kukasawoti kungxenye yokugeleza okulimazayo. Inani elingu-PH liyinkomba yokwahlulela ubumuncu kanye ne-alkalinity yekhwalithi yamanzi, inani elingu-PH =-l0g(i-hydrogen ion concentration kusixazululo, mol/L). Okuqukethwe kwakho kokubili i-H+ ne-OH- emanzini ahlanzekile ngu-1x10-7mol/L, ngakho-ke i-PH=7. Uma i-asidi incibilika emanzini, njenge-hydrochloric acid HCI, ukuhlushwa kwe-H + kuzokwanda, ukuhlushwa okukhulu kwe-H +, okuncane kwenani le-PH, i-PH 7 iyikhwalithi yamanzi ane-alkali. Amanzi aphathwa ngendlela yamakhemikhali (i-ion exchange) abonisa i-alkaline ebuthakathaka (PH =8.8~9.2). Amanzi ane-asidi abuthakathaka adla izinsimbi; Ukusebenzisa amanzi ane-alkali abuthakathaka, kunenzuzo ye-passivating steel ne-copper surface, ukuze kungabi lula ukugqwala, futhi kuvimbele isikali sensimbi nesikali sethusi ukuba sibunjwe ebusweni be-boiler kanye nesishintshi sokushisa.
Inqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi
Inqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu, ingxenye yokuqala inqubo yamanzi athambisayo ngokomzimba, ingxenye yesibili inqubo yokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Inqubo yamanzi athambekele ngokomzimba: amanzi aluhlaza (aziwa nangokuthi amanzi aluhlaza) asuka kunethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamanzi esitshalweni, ngesihlungi sesihlabathi se-quartz, isihlungi sekhabhoni esicushiwe ukuze kukhishwe izinhlayiya eziqinile kanye nokungcola okumisiwe emanzini aluhlaza, okubizwa ngokuthi amanzi acacisiwe; Amanzi alungisiwe abe esesuswa ngomshini we-osmosis obuyela emuva ukuze kukhishwe iningi lama-ion e-calcium ne-magnesium futhi abe amanzi athambekele. Inqubo ye-Chemical desalination: amanzi athambile ngokusebenzisa idivayisi yokususwa kwe-carbon, susa i-carbon dioxide emanzini (i-HC03-), bese ngombhede oxubile, susa i-calcium esele, i-magnesium, i-sodium, i-silicate namanye ama-ion ayingozi emanzini, abe yi-desalination, okungukuthi, i-boiler inikeza amanzi, agcinwe ethangini lamanzi lokususa usawoti emanzini, bese ekugcineni ipompo le-deaderator lingene kubhayela.
Ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela emuva i-osmosis ekwelashweni kwamanzi kwezitshalo zamandla
I-Reverse osmosis ibhekisela ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi ukwelapha amanzi, anezici zezinga eliphezulu lokukhipha usawoti emanzini, ukusebenziseka okuqinile nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, futhi esetshenziswe kabanzi ezimbonini eziningi. Umnyombo wohlelo lokusebenza lobuchwepheshe be-osmosis ukuhlehla kulwelwesi lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo, elenziwe ngohlobo lwento ye-polymer futhi enefilimu ekhethwayo evumeleke kancane kancane. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezela kwangaphandle, amanzi esixazululweni angenza into ekhethiwe yokungena ngezingxenye ezithile, bese eqaphela injongo yokuhlanza, ukuhlukaniswa nokugxila. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-osmosis eguquguqukayo ekuhlanzeni amanzi ezitshalweni zamandla kungathola imiphumela engcono, futhi kubone ukongiwa kwemithombo yamanzi nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Leli phepha liqale lisho umgomo nezici zobuchwepheshe be- reverse osmosis membrane, bese lihlaziya ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kobuchwepheshe be-osmosis ehlanekezela ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi esitshalweni samandla, bese ekugcineni lidingida izindaba ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kubhekwe ubuchwepheshe be-osmosis ehlehlayo.
Isimiso se-Reverse Osmosis
I-Reverse osmosis iwukusetshenziswa kwengcindezi eyanele ukuvumela isincibilikisi singene esixazululweni ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwe-osmosis olungemuva, bese luhlukaniswa, isiqondiso siphambene nesiqondiso se-osmosis, kufanele sisetshenziselwe ukuhlukanisa, ukuhlanza nokugxilisa isixazululo ngokucindezela okukhulu kunendlela ye-osmosis ehlanekezelwe. Ngenxa yokuthi usayizi wembotshana we-reverse osmosis membrane mncane kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungaba kuhle kakhulu ekukhipheni usawoti oncibilikisiwe nama-colloid, amagciwane, amagciwane kanye nokunye okuphilayo emanzini. Into ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlukanisa i-reverse osmosis membrane yi-ion esesixazululweni, futhi ukukhishwa okusebenzayo kukasawoti emanzini kungafinyelelwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwanoma yiziphi izinto zamakhemikhali, futhi izinga lokususa usawoti lingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-98.
Izici zobuchwepheshe be-osmosis ehlehlayo
Ubuchwepheshe be-osmosis obuhlanekezelwe buwukusetshenziswa kwesimiso se-osmosis ehlanekezelanayo ukuze kufezwe ukuhlanzwa kanye nokugxila kwesixazululo, bunezici zokuhlukanisa i-ding enkulu bunezici ezilandelayo: (1) Izinga lokuzenzekelayo elethulwa ubuchwepheshe be-osmosis obuhlanekezayo liphezulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhiqizwa yiyo kuphansi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi amandla okushayela asetshenziswa ohlelweni lokuhlanza amanzi ukucindezela kwamanzi. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokushisa kwekamelo futhi akukho shintsho lwesigaba, singathandwa ukuhlukanisa i-solvent ne-solute, ukulahlekelwa kwezingxenye ezisebenzayo kuncane kakhulu, futhi kulungele kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa nokugxila kwezinto ezithinta ukushisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yokuhlukanisa inguquko yesigaba, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphansi. ② Asikho isidingo sokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvuselela, ngoba inqubo yokwelapha iwukusabela ngokomzimba, ngeke isetshenziswe ezintweni zamakhemikhali, umkhiqizo ngeke ungcoliswe. (3) Izakhiwo ze-reverse osmosis membrane kanye nokuzinza kwayo, ohlelweni lwesicelo ngeke zivele izinguquko zesigaba, zenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezijwayelekile, futhi izinga lokususwa kokungcola liphezulu kakhulu. (4) Imishini ye-osmosis ehlehlisayo ingabona ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlukahlukene aluhlaza, ukwakheka kwawo wonke okokusebenza kulula, futhi ukusebenza kulula kakhulu futhi kuvumelana nezimo kakhulu, isikali sokucubungula sinokuguquguquka okuthile, futhi noma ukusebenza okuqhubekayo noma ukusebenza kwezikhawu. ⑤ Ingazuza izinzuzo ezingcono zezomnotho. Izindleko zesistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo esebenzayo iphansi kakhulu futhi utshalomali lungatholwa ngesikhathi esifushane.
Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kobuchwepheshe be-reverse osmosis ekuhlanzeni amanzi esitshalweni samandla
1. Ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendle epholisayo ezungezayo Amanzi okupholisa ajikelezayo asetshenziswa ezimbonini ezikhiqiza amandla ashisayo enza cishe u-70% wawo wonke amanzi asetshenziswa ezikhungweni eziphehla ugesi, ngakho ukugaywa kwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kunokubaluleka okungokoqobo okubaluleke kakhulu, okungafeza ukongiwa kwemithombo yamanzi elinganiselwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, izidingo zikazwelonke zokuvikelwa kwemvelo zikhula kancane kancane, futhi ukumiswa kwezinkomba ezihlobene nokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile kuya ngokuya kuqinile, okuholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwezindleko zezitshalo zamandla ohlelweni lokuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-osmosis eguquguqukayo kungabona ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile. Kuhlanganiswe nokusebenza kwangempela kwemishini ehlukahlukene endaweni yokuphehla amandla, amanzi atholwe ngobuchwepheshe be- reverse osmosis angasetshenziswa emanzini angeziwe amanzi okupholisa ajikelezayo, futhi anezimpawu zokuphepha nokuthembeka. Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-osmosis eguquguqukayo, izinga lamanzi lamanzi ajikelezayo liye lathuthukiswa kakhulu, i-turbidity iyancipha kakhulu, futhi isengezo samanzi sincishiswe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, ubuchwepheshe be-Reverse Osmosis buzokhiqiza izindleko ezinkulu zokwelashwa kwamanzi, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezimali kukhulu kakhulu kunendlela yokuhlanza amanzi emanzini emvelo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ingakwazi ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezindleko zemvelo kungancishiswa, futhi imithombo yamanzi nayo yakha ukonga okuthile, ngakho-ke izindleko eziphelele zibonakala ngokucacile. Kufinyelelwe izinga eliphezulu lobunye bezinzuzo zezomnotho, izinzuzo zomphakathi kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo.
2. Ukwelashwa kwe-Waste liquid ye-boiler pickling Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lokuhlolwa kokulingisa ekwelapheni uketshezi lwe-pickle kadoti endaweni yamandla, umbhali uqhathanisa futhi ahlaziye umphumela wokwelapha we-membrane ehlanganisiwe yokucindezela okuphansi, ulwelwesi lwe-cellulose acetate kanye nolwelwesi lwamanzi olwandle ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-osmosis obuhlanekezelwe kanye nemodi yokujikeleza, bese uthola iziphetho ezilandelayo: phakathi kwe-membrane emithathu ehlanekezelayo, ulwelwesi lwamanzi lwe-seamosis lungcono kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, okulungele kakhulu ukwelashwa kwe-osmosis okuhlanekezela i-boiler pickling waste liquid ulwelwesi lwamanzi olwandle, ukusetshenziswa kokwelashwa kuyindlela yokujikeleza. Ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-osmosis ehlane ekwelapheni uketshezi lwe-boiler pickling waste esitshalweni samandla, kungafinyelela imiphumela emihle kakhulu futhi kufinyelele umgomo olindelekile. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana noketshezi olungcolile lwe-citric acid ku-boiler yilo: ngemva kokuba uketshezi olulahlwayo lwe-citric acid lugxilwe okokuqala yi-osmosis eguquguqukayo, lungakhishwa noma lusetshenziswe kabusha. Ngemuva kokukhipha i-iron, iyafafazwa yomiswa, bese kutholwa usawoti we-sodium citrate. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokwelapha kungaxazulula kahle ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okubangelwa uketshezi lwe-asidi yokuwasha kubhayela, futhi kunezinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu kwezenhlalo nezomnotho.3.Ukwelashwa okuphelele kwamanzi angcolile Ukwelashwa okuphelele kwamanzi angcolile ezikhungweni zikagesi kuwumsebenzi ohlelekile, ohlanganisa ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukubuyiswa kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokwelashwa. Ubuchwepheshe be-Reverse Osmosis busetshenziswa ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi angcolile, kanye nendle yasekhaya etholiwe, amanzi ajiyile, amanzi angcolile ane-asidi kanye ne-alkali kanye namanzi aphuma endaweni, njll. Amanzi abo axubile ane-asidi. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-asidi ebuthakathaka, kungabonakala ukubuyisela emuva ukwelashwa kwe-osmosis, futhi umthombo wamanzi ngemva kwalokhu kwelashwa ungasetshenziswa ngokuqondile. Ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela akunciphisi nje kuphela isidingo samanzi endaweni kagesi, kodwa futhi kunenzuzo enkulu ekugayweni kabusha kwemithombo yamanzi endaweni yokuphehla ugesi, bese kwenza ibhizinisi likwazi ukufeza intuthuko esimeme.
Izinyathelo zokuqapha zokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-osmosis ehlehlayo
Ukukhethwa kocingo Uma kukhethwa ulwelwesi lwangempela lwe-osmosis ehlanekezelwe, izici zekhwalithi yamanzi angenayo kufanele zibhekwe. Uma isetshenziswa ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile, kufanele kusetshenziswe ulwelwesi olulwa nokungcola, noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukungcola kufanele zisetshenziswe. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi eliklanyelwe linethonya elikhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamanzi. Ubuningi bamanzi be-elementi ye-membrane kufanele bumiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isivuno samanzi singafinyelela inani eliklanyelwe uma sisebenza endaweni eklanyelwe ukushisa kwamanzi ephansi kakhulu. Lapho Umshini ojwayelekile wokwelapha WAMANZI O-REVERSE OSMOSIS uklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa, Ubukhulu bengcindezi yokungena kokusebenza kokuqala kwe-REVERSE osmosis body kufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-1.5 MPA. Ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwedivayisi ye-osmosis ehlehlayo yokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, ukucindezela okukhulu kwe-inlet okwethulwa ukusebenza kokuqala kwe-reverse osmosis body ingaphansi kuka-6.9 MPA. Isivinini sokuhlunga esidizayinelwe isici sokuhlunga akufanele sibe sikhulu kakhulu. Uma kungase kusebenze okuvamile isikhathi eside, umjikelezo wokushintsha kwesihlungi akufanele ube ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu.
Amapharamitha okusebenza wedivayisi ye-osmosis ehlehlayo phakathi nokusebenza
NGOKOKUHLAZIYWA kwenkinga evamile ye-REVERSE OSMOsis, imingcele yokusebenza (izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini kanye nezinga lokubuyisela, njll.) yeyunithi ye-REVERSE OSMOsis esebenzayo kufanele ihlangabezane nezimfuneko zenkontileka. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini kufanele libe likhulu kunamaphesenti angama-98 futhi izinga lokululama kufanele libe ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-75 ngonyaka wokuqala. Ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi kufanele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso zikazwelonke ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa kwamanzi, futhi ukushintshwa kwe-valve kufanele kube nezimo eziguquguqukayo. Sekukonke, imboni yamandla kagesi iyimboni eyisisekelo ehlinzeka ngamandla kagesi ekhwalithi ephezulu ku-People's Daily Life, okubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ngcono izinga lokuphila kwabantu nokukhula komnotho. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be- reverse osmosis ekuhlanzeni amanzi esitshalweni samandla kuye kwakha umphumela omuhle, okungukuthi, ukunciphisa ukuvela kokungcoliswa kwemvelo, kodwa futhi nokufeza ukongiwa kwemithombo yamanzi. Ubuchwepheshe bedivaysi ye-osmosis ebuyela emuva buhlanganiswa nesimo sangempela sokuhlanzwa kwamanzi esitshalo samandla, bese izindleko zezinto ezisetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-osmosis ehlehlayo ziyancishiswa, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yonke kobuchwepheshe be-osmosis obuhlanekezelwe endaweni yamandla kuyafezeka, futhi isivuno esiphindwe kabili sezinzuzo zezomnotho nezenhlalo zesikhungo samandla siyafezeka.