Waht is Reverse Osmosis Data Collection and Normalization?

Zonke lezi zimo zokusebenza zithinta ngqo ikhwalithi kanye nenani lamanzi e-permeate ama-membrane e-RO angawakhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lezi zimo zokusebenza zishintsha njalo, akunakwenzeka ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza okubonwayo kwemingcele ethile ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi uyiqhathanise kwelinye iphuzu ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Izinto ezishintshayo, njengezinga lokushisa, ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphakelayo, ukugeleza kwe-permeate, nokutholwa kwesistimu konke kuthinta ukusebenza kolwelwesi.

Ukwenza kujwayelekile idatha ye-RO kuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi aqhathanise ukusebenza kolwelwesi lwe-RO nezinga elimisiwe elingancikile ekushintsheni kwezimo zokusebenza. Idatha ejwayelekile izokala isimo esiqondile se-membrane ye-RO futhi ibonise ukusebenza kwe-RO kweqiniso kwe-membrane nempilo.

Idatha engajwayelekile ingadukisa, njengoba iziguquko eziningi zingadala izinguquko ezingase zibonakale ziyizinkinga kuyilapho, empeleni, zingezona. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi okuphakelayo yisimo esibonakala kakhulu esithintayo uhlelo lwe-ro ukusebenza. Umthetho ojwayelekile wesithupha uwukulinganisa ukuguqulwa kokugeleza kwe-permeate okungu-1.5% ngedigri Fahrenheit (F⁰) ngayinye.

Ukuhunyushwa Kwedatha

Umsebenzisi we-RO ekugcineni ukhathazekile ngemiphumela emibili: ikhwalithi kanye nenani lamanzi akhiqizwayo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lezi zici ezimbili zingathonywa inani lezinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokucindezela kwamanzi okuphakelayo, ukubuyiswa kwesistimu, kanye nezinguquko kukhwalithi yamanzi okuphakelayo, ukubiza ezimbalwa.

Mayelana ne Reverse Osmosis (RO) ukuqoqwa kwedatha nokwenza kube jwayelekile, kunamanani amathathu abaliwe asiza ukunikeza isithombe esingcono kakhulu sokusebenza kolwelwesi lwangempela futhi asize ngokunembile ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingaba khona zesistimu ye-RO ezihilela ubuningi nekhwalithi yamanzi akhiqizwa isistimu ye-RO. Ngokuqoqa idatha yokusebenza, ukwenza idatha ibe yinto evamile, bese uthrenda idatha evamile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uqhathanise amanani nesisekelo (abalwe kusukela kumanani okuqalisa lapho ulwelwesi lwe-RO lwalulusha noma ngemva kokuba luhlanzwe noma lushintshiwe) kwenza isinyathelo esisheshayo sokubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kulwelwesi lwe-RO.

Amanani amathathu abaliwe asetshenziselwa ukuqapha nokuthrendayo yilawa:
• Normalized Permeate Flow (NPF)
• Ukwaliwa Kosawoti Okujwayelekile (NSR)
• Umehluko Ojwayelekile Wengcindezi (NPD)

Ukugeleza Kwe-Permeate Okujwayelekile (NPF)

I-NPF ikala inani lamanzi e-permeate iRO ewakhiqizayo. Uma i-NPF yehla ngo-10% kuya ku-15% ngaphansi kwevelu yesisekelo (ukufundwa kwe-NPF ekuqaleni kusetshenziswa ulwelwesi olusha noma lapho ulwelwesi lushintshwa noma luhlanzwa) kusho ukuthi lokhu kubonisa ukungcola noma ukukala kwe-RO futhi ulwelwesi lwe-RO kufanele luhlanzwe.

Uma i-NPF inyuka, lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona umonakalo kulwelwesi lwe-RO. Umonakalo ungadalwa ukuhlasela kwamakhemikhali (kusuka ku- I-oxidizer njenge-chlorine) kulwelwesi noma udaba lwemishini (njengokwehluleka kwe-O-ring).

Ukugeleza Kwempesheni Okujwayelekile (NPF) kubalwa kanjani

Ifomula yokubala Ukugeleza Kwepermeate Okujwayelekile (NPF) ithi:

• I-NPF = I-Permeate Flow x (Isisekelo se-NDP/aNDP) x (Isisekelo se-TCF/TCF)

Kuphi:

• Okuphakelayo kwe-TDS = Ukusebenza Kwesiphakeli/2
• I-Concentrate Factor = (I-Permeate Flow + Concentrate Flow) / I-Concentrate Flow
• Gxila TDS = Okuphakelayo kwe-TDS x I-Concentrate Factor
• I-Average Net Driving Pressure (aNDP) = (((((I-Feed Pressure + Concentrate Pressure)/2) – ((Feed TDS – Concentrate TDS)/200)) – Permeate Pressure
• I-Feed Temp C = (5/9) x (Isikhashana Sokuphakelayo – 32)
• I-TCF (Isici Sokulungisa Izinga lokushisa) = EXP (2640 x ((1/298) – (1/(273+Feed Temp C))))

Ukwenqatshwa kukasawoti okujwayelekile (NSR)

I-NSR ibonisa ukuthi i-membrane ye-RO yenqaba kahle kangakanani usawoti (ukungcola) futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithinta ikhwalithi yamanzi egcwele. Uma i-NSR incipha, khona-ke umthamo kasawoti odabula kulwelwesi lwe-RO uyakhula okudala i-permeate yekhwalithi ephansi. Ukuncipha kwe-NSR kungabonisa ukonakala kwe-RO, ukukala, noma ukuwohloka. I-membrane ye-RO esebenza kahle kufanele inikeze ukulahlwa okungu-97% kuya ku-99%. I-membrane ibhekwa "njengembi" lapho ukwenqatshwa kwe-RO kwehla ku-90% noma ngaphansi. Isikhathi esivamile sokusebenza se-RO sibonisa ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwe-NSR phakathi nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo. Ama-membrane e-RO ngokuvamile ahlala iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba adinge ukushintshwa futhi ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwe-NSR kuwuphawu oluvamile lolwelwesi olugugayo. I-RO efanele i-membrane yokuhlanza ibutho ingasiza ekuthuthukiseni i-NSR.

I-NSR ingaba usizo ekuhlonzeni izinkinga ze-biofouling. Uma i-biofouling ikhathaza, ngokuvamile i-NSR izonyuka futhi i-NPF izokwehla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-biofoulant empeleni izovala ukungapheleli okuncane kulwelwesi lwe-RO ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ukwenqatshwa kukasawoti. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ungqimba lwe-biofoulant luyaguga futhi luqale ukufa kanye namakhemikhali afana ne-CO2, i-methane, kanye/noma i-organic.
ama-asidi aqala ukusabalala ngolwelwesi oluthinta izinga lamanzi agcwele (ukwenqatshwa usawoti omncane okuholela ku-NSR ephansi).

Indlela Ukwenqatshwa Usawoti Okujwayelekile (NSR) Kubalwa kanjani

Ifomula yokubala Ukwenqatshwa Kwentengiso Okujwayelekile (NSR) ithi:

• I-NSR = 100 ((I-Salt Passage x (I-Permeate Flow/Baseline Permeate Flow) x TCF) x 100)

Kuphi:

• I-Permeate TDS = I-Permeate Conductivity x 0.67
• Okuphakelayo kwe-TDS = Ukusebenza Kwesiphakeli / 2
• Ukwenqatshwa Usawoti = 1 – (Permeate TDS / Feed TDS)
• I-Salt Passage = 1 - Ukwenqatshwa kukasawoti
• I-Feed Temp C = (5/9) x (Isikhashana Sokuphakelayo – 32)
• I-Temperature Correction Factor (TCF) = EXP (2640 x ((1/298) – (1/(273+ Feed Temp C))))

I-Temperature Correction Factor (TCF) Ichaziwe

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kolwelwesi lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo. Abakhiqizi bama-Membrane bahlinzeka ngezici zokulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa kwamazinga okushisa anikeziwe okusebenza, angahluka ngomkhiqizi, futhi angabalwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Indlela ye-ASTM, njengoba ikhonjisiwe ngenhla kuzo zombili izibalo ze-NPF ne-NSR, ne-Membrane Coefficient of 2640 isetshenziselwa injongo yethu yokuthola ukuhlukahluka kwe-RO. I-Membrane Coefficient of 2640 isetshenziswa ngenxa yokuthi iningi le-membrane yethu izohambisana nale nombolo, futhi umphumela wokusebenzisa i-coefficient ethile kulwelwesi ngalunye ezibalweni awubalulekile.

Umehluko Ojwayelekile Wengcindezi (NPD)

I-NPD isitshela ukuthi i-spacer yamanzi okuphakelayo ihlanzeke kangakanani kulwelwesi, Lezi zikhala zingaba ngu-30-000 kuphela wamayintshi awugqinsi futhi zisengozini yokuxhunywa. Njengoba ukuxhuma kwenzeka, ukumelana nokugeleza kuyanda futhi i-dop yokucindezela iyanda.

I-NPD izoqala ukwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokonakala kanye nokukalwa. Ulwelwesi lwe-RO kufanele luhlanzwe lapho i-DPD ikhuphuka ngo-15% ukuya ku-25% ngaphezu kwevelu yesisekelo. I-NPD ne-NPF kufanele ziqashwe ndawonye ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ulwelwesi lwe-RO kufanele luhlanzwe nini. Ngokuvamile i-NPF izokwehla, futhi i-NPD izohlala ingashintshile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinkinga zokungcola/zokukalwa kusamele zixhume izikhala zamanzi okuphakelayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-NPD izokhula ngokuhambisana nokwehla kwe-NPF. Ukuncipha kwe-NPD kuvame ukubangelwa ithuluzi elingalungile noma amaphutha enziwa phakathi nokuqoqwa kwedatha.

Uma i-NPD ingalinganiswa esigabeni ngasinye se-RO, ngokuvamile izinkinga zingakhonjwa phakathi kokungcola nokukala ngokusekelwe endaweni yokwehla kwengcindezi eyengeziwe. Ukwanda kwe-NPD esigabeni esingaphambili se-RO kukhombisa inkinga engalungile, futhi ukwanda kwe-NPD esigabeni sesibili kukhombisa ukukala.

Ukuthi Normalized Pressure Differential (NPD) ibalwa kanjani

Ifomula yokubala i-Normalized Pressure Differential (NPD) ithi:

• I-NPD = Ukwehla Kokucindezela x (Ukugeleza Okumaphakathi Okuyisisekelo / Ukugeleza Okumaphakathi)

Kuphi:

• I-Pressure Drop = Ukucindezela Okuphakelayo - Ingcindezi Yengqondo
• Ukugeleza Okumaphakathi = (I-Permeate Flow + Concentrate Flow)/2