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I-Industrial Reverse Osmosis System
Isingeniso Sephrojekthi
Isimiso se-Reverse Osmosis System
Emazingeni okushisa athile, ulwelwesi olungena-permeable lusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa amanzi ahlanzekile nesaline. Amanzi ahlanzekile athuthela ku-saline ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi olungena kancane. Njengoba izinga loketshezi ohlangothini lwe-saline ye-ventricle engakwesokudla likhuphuka, kukhiqizwa ukucindezela okuthile ukuze kuvinjwe amanzi ahlanzekile avela ku-ventricle yesokunxele ukuba ahambe aye ohlangothini lukasawoti, futhi ekugcineni kufinyelelwa ukulingana. Ingcindezi yokulinganisa ngalesi sikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesixazululo, futhi lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-osmosis. Uma umfutho wangaphandle odlula umfutho we-osmotic usetshenziswa ohlangothini lukasawoti lwe-ventricle engakwesokudla, amanzi asesisombululo sikasawoti se-ventricle engakwesokudla azothuthela emanzini ahlanzekile e-ventricle yesokunxele ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi olungena-permeable, ukuze amanzi ahlanzekile akwazi ukuhlukaniswa emanzini anosawoti. Lesi senzakalo siphambene nesenzakalo sokungakwazi ukungena, esibizwa ngokuthi i-reverse permeability phenomenon.
Ngakho, isisekelo reverse osmosis desalination uhlelo
(1) Ukungenela okukhethekile kolwelwesi olungena kancane, okungukuthi, ukudedela amanzi ngokukhetha kodwa ungavumeli usawoti ukuba udlule;
(2) Ukucindezela kwangaphandle kwegumbi le-saline kukhulu kunomfutho we-osmotic wegumbi le-saline kanye negumbi lamanzi ahlanzekile, okunikeza amandla okushayela amanzi ukusuka egumbini likasawoti ukuya egumbini lamanzi ahlanzekile. Izingcindezi ezijwayelekile ze-osmotic kwezinye izixazululo zikhonjisiwe kuthebula elingezansi.
I-membrane engenhla ekwazi ukungena kancane esetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa amanzi ahlanzekile namanzi anosawoti ibizwa ngokuthi i-reverse osmosis membrane. I-Reverse Osmosis membrane yenziwe kakhulu ngezinto ze-polymer. Njengamanje, ulwelwesi lwe-osmosis olungemuva olusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo ngokuvamile lwenziwa ngezinto eziyinhlanganisela ze-polyamide ezinuka kamnandi.
I-RO(Reverse Osmosis) ubuchwepheshe be-osmosis obubuyisela emuva buwukuhlukanisa ulwelwesi nobuchwepheshe bokuhlunga obunikwa amandla umehluko wengcindezi. Ubukhulu bayo bembotshana buncane njenge-nanometer (i-nanometer engu-1 = amamitha ayi-10-9). Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ethile, ama-molecule e-H20 angadlula kulwelwesi lwe-RO, usawoti we-Inorganic, ama-ion ensimbi esindayo, izinto eziphilayo, ama-colloid, amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, amagciwane nokunye ukungcola emanzini asemthonjeni angakwazi ukudlula kulwelwesi lwe-RO, ukuze amanzi ahlanzekile angadlula futhi amanzi agxilile angakwazi ukudlula angahlukaniswa ngokuqinile.
Kuzicelo zezimboni, izitshalo ze-osmosis ezihlehlayo zisebenzisa imishini ekhethekile ukwenza lula inqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo. Izinhlelo ze-Industrial reverse osmosis zenzelwe ukwelapha amanzi amaningi futhi zisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ezolimo, ezemithi, nezokukhiqiza. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kulezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo iyasebenza futhi iyasebenza ekukhiqizeni amanzi ahlanzekile emithonjeni yamanzi anosawoti.
Inqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo iwubuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, obunganikeza amanzi ahlanzekile ezindaweni lapho amanzi eyivela khona noma lapho imithombo yamanzi evamile ingcoliswe khona. Njengoba imishini ye-osmosis ehlehlayo nobuchwepheshe buthuthuka, le nqubo iseyisixazululo esibalulekile sokushoda kwamanzi nezinkinga zekhwalithi emhlabeni jikelele.
Izici eziyinhloko ze-reverse osmosis membrane:
Izinkomba kanye nezici zokuhlukanisa zokuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane
Ulwelwesi olusebenzayo lwe-osmosis luyi-asymmetric membrane, kukhona ungqimba olungaphezulu nongqimba olusekelayo, lunokuqondisa okusobala nokukhetha. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-directivity ukubeka i-membrane ebusweni ku-high pressure brine ye-desalting, ingcindezi ikwandisa ulwelwesi lwamanzi okungena emanzini, izinga le-desalting liyanda; Lapho ungqimba olusekelayo lwelwelwesi lufakwa ku-brine yomfutho ophezulu, izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini licishe libe ngu-0 ngokunyuka kokucindezela, kodwa ukungena kwamanzi kukhuphuka kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi siqondiso, asikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlehla lapho sisetshenziswa.
Izici zokuhlukaniswa kwe-osmosis ehlanekezela ama-ion nezinto eziphilayo emanzini azifani, ezingafingqwa ngale ndlela elandelayo.
(1) I-organic matter kulula ukuyihlukanisa kune-inorganic matter
(2) Ama-Electrolyte kulula ukuwahlukanisa kunama-non-electrolyte. Ama-Electrolyte anezindleko eziphezulu kulula ukuwahlukanisa, futhi amanani awo okususwa ngokuvamile alandelana. Fe3+> Ca2+> Na+ PO43-> S042-> C | - ku-electrolyte, i-molecule enkulu, kulula ukuyisusa.
(3) Izinga lokususwa kwama-ion we-inorganic lihlobene ne-hydrate kanye ne-radius yama-ion hydrated esimweni se-ion hydration. Uma i-radius ye-hydrated ion inkulu, kulula ukuyisusa. I-oda lokukhishwa kwezinga limi kanje:
Mg2+, Ca2+> Li+ > Na+ > K+; F-> C|-> Br-> NO3-
(4) Imithetho yokuhlukaniswa kwe-polar organic matter:
I-Aldehyde > Utshwala > I-Amine > I-Acid, i-amine yezinga eliphezulu > I-amine yesibili > I-amine eyinhloko, i-citric acid > I-Tartaric acid > I-Malic acid > I-Lactic acid > I-acetic acid
Intuthuko yakamuva ekuhlanzweni kwegesi engcolile imele inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izinselele zemvelo kuyilapho ihlinzeka ngamathuba kumabhizinisi ukuze aphumelele ngendlela eqhubekayo, ehambisana nemvelo. Lesi sixazululo esisha kufanele sibe nomthelela omuhle emikhakheni yokwelashwa kwegesi engcolile kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ngesithembiso saso sokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, izindleko eziphansi zokusebenza kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo okungapheli.
(5) Bhangqa ama-isomers: tert- > Okuhlukile (iso-)> Zhong (isekhondi-)> Okwangempela (pri-)
(6) Ukusebenza kokuhlukaniswa kukasawoti we-sodium wezinto eziphilayo kuhle, kuyilapho i-phenol ne-phenol row organisms ibonisa ukuhlukana okungalungile. Lapho izixazululo ezinamanzi ze-polar noma ezingezona ze-polar, ezihlukanisiwe noma ezingahlukanisiwe ze-organic solutes zihlukaniswa ulwelwesi, amandla okusebenzelana phakathi kwe-solute, i-solvent kanye ne-membrane inquma ukuvunyelwa okukhethiwe kwe-membrane. Le miphumela ihlanganisa amandla e-electrostatic, amandla okubopha ibhondi ye-hydrogen, i-hydrophobicity kanye nokudluliswa kwe-electron.
(7) Ngokuvamile, ama-solutes anethonya elincane ezintweni ezibonakalayo noma izici zokudlulisa ulwelwesi. I-phenol kuphela noma amanye amakhompiyutha anesisindo esiphansi samangqamuzana azokwenza i-cellulose acetate inwebe ngesisombululo esinamanzi. Ukuba khona kwalezi zingxenye ngokuvamile kuzokwenza ukugeleza kwamanzi kwelwelwesi kwehle, ngezinye izikhathi kube kuningi.
(8) Umphumela wokususwa kwe-nitrate, i-perchlorate, i-cyanide ne-thiocyanate awumuhle njenge-chloride, futhi umphumela wokukhipha usawoti we-ammonium awumuhle njengosawoti wesodium.
(9) Iningi lezingxenye ezinesisindo samangqamuzana amakhulu kuno-150, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-electrolyte noma engeyona i-electrolyte, zingasuswa kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-reverse osmosis membrane yama-hydrocarbons anephunga elimnandi, ama-cycloalkanes, ama-alkanes kanye ne-sodium chloride yokuhlukaniswa kwe-oda ihlukile.
(2) Iphampu Yokucindezela Okuphezulu
Ekusebenzeni kwe-reverse osmosis membrane, amanzi adinga ukuthunyelwa kumfutho oshiwo ngephampu yokucindezela okukhulu ukuze kuqedelwe inqubo yokukhipha usawoti. Njengamanje, iphampu ye-high pressure esetshenziswa esitshalweni samandla ashisayo ine-centrifugal, i-plunger ne-screw nezinye izinhlobo, phakathi kwazo, iphampu ye-centrifugal enezigaba eziningi isetshenziswa kakhulu. Lokhu kungafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-90% futhi konge ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Lolu hlobo lwepompo lubonakala ngokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
(3) Reverse osmosis ontology
Umzimba we-osmosis ongemuva iyunithi yokwelashwa kwamanzi ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa futhi ixhumanise izakhi zolwelwesi lwe-osmosis oluphambene namapayipi ngohlelo oluthile. I-single reverse osmosis membrane ibizwa ngokuthi i-membrane element. Inombolo yezinzwa yezingxenye zolwelwesi lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo ixhunywe ochungechungeni ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zobuchwepheshe futhi ihlanganiswe negobolondo elilodwa lolwelwesi lwe-osmosis oluhlane ukuze kwakheka ingxenye yolwelwesi.
1. Ingxenye ye-membrane
I-Reverse Osmosis membrane Element Iyunithi eyisisekelo eyenziwe nge-reverse osmosis membrane nezinto ezisekelayo ezinomsebenzi wokusetshenziswa kwemboni. Njengamanje, izakhi ze-coil membrane zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo.
Njengamanje, abakhiqizi abahlukahlukene be-membrane bakhiqiza izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ze-membrane zabasebenzisi abahlukene bemboni. Izakhi ze-Membrane ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo zingahlukaniswa zibe: i-high pressure yamanzi olwandle desalination reverse osmosis membrane elements; Ingcindezi ephansi kanye ne-ultra-low pressure brackish water desalting reverse membrane elements; I-anti-fouling membrane element.
Izidingo eziyisisekelo zama-elementi e-membrane yilezi:
A. Ukuminyana kokupakishwa kwefilimu kuphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka.
B. Akulula ukugxilisa i-polarization
C. Ikhono eliqinile lokulwa nokungcola
D. Kulula ukuhlanza nokushintsha ulwelwesi
E. Intengo ishibhile
2.Igobolondo le-Membrane
Umkhumbi wengcindezi osetshenziselwa ukulayisha i-reverse osmosis membrane element kudivayisi yomzimba ye-osmosis ebizwa ngokuthi igobolondo le-membrane, eyaziwa nangokuthi "isitsha sokucindezela" iyunithi yokukhiqiza i-Haide energy, isitsha ngasinye sokucindezela singamamitha angu-7 ubude.
Igobolondo legobolondo lefilimu ngokuvamile lenziwa ngendwangu yepulasitiki eqinisiwe yengilazi ye-epoxy, kanti ibhulashi langaphandle liwupende we-epoxy. Kukhona futhi abakhiqizi abathile bemikhiqizo yegobolondo lefilimu yensimbi engagqwali. Ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala okuqinile kwe-FRP, izitshalo eziningi zamandla ashisayo zikhetha igobolondo lefilimu le-FRP. Impahla yomkhumbi wengcindezi yi-FRP.
Izici ezithinta ukusebenza kwesistimu yokwelashwa kwamanzi e-osmosis ehlehlayo:
Ezimweni ezithile zesistimu, ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini yizici zolwelwesi lwe-osmosis elibuyela emuva, futhi kunezici eziningi ezithinta ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokukhipha usawoti emzimbeni we-osmosis ehlehlayo, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, izinga lokululama, usawoti oshukumisayo kanye nenani le-pH.
(1) Umphumela wengcindezi
Ukucindezela kokungena kwe-reverse osmosis membrane kuthinta ngokuqondile ukugeleza kwe-membrane kanye nezinga lokukhipha usawoti le-reverse osmosis membrane. Ukwanda kwe-membrane flux kunobudlelwano bomugqa nengcindezi yokungena ye-osmosis ehlehlayo. Izinga lokukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini linobudlelwano bomugqa nengcindezi enomthelela, kodwa uma ingcindezi ifinyelela inani elithile, ijika lokushintsha kwezinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini livame ukuba flat futhi izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini alisakhuphuki.
(2) Umphumela wezinga lokushisa
Izinga lokukhipha usawoti liyancipha ngokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa lokungena kwe-osmosis ehlehlayo. Kodwa-ke, ukugeleza kwesivuno samanzi kukhuphuka cishe ngokulinganayo. Isizathu esiyinhloko siwukuthi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-viscosity yama-molecule amanzi iyancipha futhi ikhono lokusabalalisa linamandla, ngakho ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyanda. Ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, izinga likasawoti odlula kulwelwesi lwe-osmosis elingemuva lizosheshiswa, ngakho izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini lizoncipha. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi aluhlaza liyinkomba ebalulekile yereferensi yokwakheka kwesistimu ye-osmosis. Isibonelo, lapho indawo yokuphehla amandla ibhekene noshintsho lobuchwepheshe lobunjiniyela be-osmosis ehlehlayo, izinga lokushisa lamanzi lamanzi aluhlaza edizayini libalwa ngokuya ngo-25℃, futhi ukucindezela kokungenisa okubaliwe kungu-1.6MPa. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa lamanzi ekusebenzeni kwangempela kwesistimu liyi-8℃ kuphela, futhi ukucindezela kwe-inlet kumele kukhushulwe ku-2.0MPa ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kokuklama kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwesistimu kuyanda, impilo yendandatho yophawu lwangaphakathi yengxenye ye-membrane yedivayisi ye-osmosis engemuva iyafinyezwa, futhi inani lokugcinwa kwezinto zokusebenza liyakhuphuka.
(3) Umphumela wokuqukethwe kukasawoti
Ukuhlushwa kukasawoti emanzini kuyinkomba ebalulekile ethinta i-membrane ingcindezi ye-osmotic, futhi ingcindezi ye-osmotic ye-membrane iyanda ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kukasawoti. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi ukucindezela kwe-inlet ye-osmosis eguquguqukayo kuhlala kungashintshile, okuqukethwe kukasawoti emanzini okungena kuyanda. Ngenxa yokuthi ukwanda komfutho we-osmotic kunciphisa ingxenye yamandla okungena, ukugeleza kuyehla futhi izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini nalo liyehla.
(4) Umthelela wezinga lokutakula
Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokutakula kwe-reverse osmosis system kuzoholela ekutheni kube nosawoti ophakeme wamanzi angenayo we-membrane element eduze kwesiqondiso sokugeleza, okuholela ekwandeni kwengcindezi ye-osmotic. Lokhu kuzosusa umthelela wokushayela we-inlet water pressure ye-reverse osmosis, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukuguquguquka kwesivuno samanzi. Ukwanda kosawoti emanzini angenayo we-membrane element kuholela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kukasawoti emanzini ahlanzekile, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Ekwakhiweni kwesistimu, izinga eliphezulu lokutakula lesistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo alincikile ekukhawulweni kwengcindezi ye-osmotic, kodwa ngokuvamile kuncike ekubunjweni nasekuqukethweni kukasawoti emanzini aluhlaza, ngoba ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinga lokutakula, usawoti omncane oncibilikayo njenge-calcium carbonate, i-calcium sulfate ne-silicon izokhula enqubweni yokuhlushwa.
(5) Umthelela yenani le-pH
Ibanga le-pH elisebenza ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezakhi zolwelwesi liyahlukahluka kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini kulwelwesi lwe-acetate livame ukuzinza ebangeni le-pH 4-8, futhi lithinteka kakhulu ebangeni le-pH elingaphansi kuka-4 noma ngaphezulu kuka-8. Njengamanje, ulwelwesi oluningi olusetshenziswa ekuhlanzeni amanzi ezimbonini luyizinto eziyinhlanganisela, ezijwayelana nenani elibanzi le-pH (inani le-pH lingalawulwa ebangeni le-pH eliqhubekayo kanye nolwelwesi oluqhubekayo lwe-3). lobu bubanzi buzinzile.
Indlela yokwelashwa kwangaphambili kwe-osmosis membrane:
Ukuhlungwa kolwelwesi lwe-osmosis okuhlanekezelwe kuhlukile ekuhlungeni isihlungi sombhede, umbhede wokuhlunga uwukuhlunga okugcwele, okungukuthi, amanzi aluhlaza kuwo wonke ungqimba lokuhlunga. Ukuhlungwa kolwelwesi lwe-osmosis okubuyela emuva kuyindlela yokuhlunga ukugeleza kwesiphambano, okungukuthi, ingxenye yamanzi emanzini aluhlaza idlula kulwelwesi iqonde mpo ngolwelwesi. Ngalesi sikhathi, usawoti kanye nokungcola okuhlukahlukene kutholwa yi-membrane, futhi kwenziwa ingxenye esele yamanzi aluhlaza egeleza ngokuhambisana nolwelwesi lwangaphakathi, kodwa ukungcola akukwazi ukukhishwa ngokuphelele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukungcola okusele kuzokwenza ukungcola kwe-membrane kube kubi kakhulu. Futhi lapho izinga lokungcolisa amanzi aluhlaza liphezulu kanye nezinga lokululama, kulapho ulwelwesi lokungcola lushesha khona.
1. Ukulawula isikali
Lapho usawoti ongancibiliki emanzini aluhlaza ugxile ngokuqhubekayo kulwelwesi futhi weqa umkhawulo wawo wokuncibilika, azokwehla phezu kolwelwesi oluphambene ne-osmosis, olubizwa ngokuthi "ukukala". Lapho umthombo wamanzi unqunywa, njengoba izinga lokubuyiselwa kwesistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo likhuphuka, ingozi yokukhushulwa iyanda. Njengamanje, kuwumkhuba ukwenyusa izinga lokugaywa kabusha ngenxa yokushoda kwamanzi noma imithelela yemvelo yokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile. Kulokhu, izinyathelo zokulawula ukukala ezicatshangelwayo zibaluleke kakhulu. Kusistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo, ama-salts ajwayelekile e-refractory yi-CaCO3, i-CaSO4 ne-Si02, nezinye izinhlanganisela ezingakhiqiza isikali yi-CaF2, i-BaS04, i-SrS04 ne-Ca3(PO4)2. Indlela evamile yokuvimbela isikali ukwengeza i-scale inhibitor. Ama-scale inhibitors asetshenziswa kushabhu yami iNalco PC191 kanye ne-Europe ne-America NP200.
2.Ukulawulwa Kokungcola kwe-colloidal nokuqinile kwezinhlayiyana
Ukungcola kwe-Colloid nezinhlayiyana kungase kuthinte kabi ukusebenza kwezakhi zolwelwesi lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo, njengokuncipha okuphawulekayo kokuphuma kwamanzi amasha, ngezinye izikhathi futhi kunciphise izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini, uphawu lokuqala lwe-colloid nezinhlayiyana zokungcola wukwanda komehluko wengcindezi phakathi kokungena nokuphuma kwezingxenye zolwelwesi lwe-osmosis oluhlehlayo.
Indlela evame kakhulu yokwahlulela i-colloid yamanzi nezinhlayiya ezicini zolwelwesi lwe-osmosis ukukala inani le-SDI lamanzi, ngezinye izikhathi elibizwa nge-F value (inkomba yokungcola), okungenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuqapha ukusebenza kwesistimu ye-osmosis pretreatment ehlehlayo.
I-SDI(i-silt density index) iwushintsho lwesivinini sokuhlunga amanzi ngesikhathi seyunithi ukukhombisa ukungcoliswa kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Inani le-colloid ne-particle emanzini lizophazamisa usayizi we-SDI. Inani le-SDI linganqunywa ithuluzi le-SDI.
3. Ukulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwe-membrane microbial
Ama-microorganisms emanzini aluhlaza ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa amagciwane, ulwelwe, isikhunta, amagciwane kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo eziphakeme. Enqubweni ye-osmosis eguquguqukayo, ama-microorganisms kanye nemisoco encibilikisiwe emanzini izogxila ngokuqhubekayo futhi ithuthukiswe ku-membrane element, okuba indawo ekahle kanye nenqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-biofilm. Ukungcoliswa kwebhayoloji kwezingxenye zolwelwesi lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo kuzothinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwesistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo. Umehluko wengcindezi phakathi kokungena nokuphuma kwezingxenye ze-osmosis ehlehlayo ukhula ngokushesha, okuholela ekwehleni kwesivuno samanzi sezingxenye zolwelwesi. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukungcoliswa kwebhayoloji kuzokwenzeka ohlangothini lokukhiqiza amanzi, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi omkhiqizo. Isibonelo, ekugcinweni kwemishini ye-osmosis ehlehlayo kwezinye izitshalo zamandla ashisayo, i-moss eluhlaza itholakala ezintweni ze-membrane namapayipi amanzi ahlanzekile, okuwukungcola okuvamile kwe-microbial.
Uma isici se-membrane singcoliswe ama-microorganisms futhi sikhiqiza i-biofilm, ukuhlanzwa kwe-membrane element kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biofilms angasusiwe ngokuphelele azodala ukukhula okusheshayo kwama-microorganisms futhi. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwama-microorganisms nakho kungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokwelashwa kwangaphambili, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo zokuhlehlisa i-osmosis pretreatment zisebenzisa amanzi olwandle, amanzi angaphezulu namanzi angcolile njengemithombo yamanzi.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuvimbela ama-microorganisms we-membrane yilezi: i-chlorine, i-microfiltration noma ukwelashwa kwe-ultrafiltration, i-ozone oxidation, inzalo ye-ultraviolet, ukwengeza i-sodium bisulfite. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ohlelweni lokwelapha amanzi esitshalweni samandla ashisayo i-chlorination sterilization kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza amanzi nge-ultrafiltration ngaphambi kwe-osmosis ehlehlayo.
Njenge-ejenti ebulala inzalo, i-chlorine iyakwazi ukuvala ngokushesha ama-microorganisms amaningi e-pathogenic. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-chlorine kuncike ekugxilweni kwe-chlorine, i-pH yamanzi, nesikhathi sokuxhumana. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zobunjiniyela, i-chlorine esele emanzini ngokuvamile ilawulwa ngaphezu kuka-0.5~1.0mg, futhi isikhathi sokusabela silawulwa ku-20 ~ 30min. Umthamo we-chlorine udinga ukunqunywa ngokulungisa iphutha, ngoba izinto eziphilayo emanzini nazo zizodla i-chlorine. I-chlorine isetshenziselwa ukuvala inzalo, futhi inani le-pH elisebenzayo elingcono kakhulu lingu-4~6.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorination emanzini olwandle kuhlukile kulokho emanzini anosawoti. Ngokuvamile kukhona cishe u-65mg we-bromine emanzini olwandle. Uma amanzi olwandle ehlanzwa ngamakhemikhali nge-hydrogen, azoqala aphendule nge-hypochlorous acid ukuze enze i-hypobromous acid, ukuze umphumela wawo we-bactericidal ube yi-hypowet acid kune-hypochlorous acid, futhi i-hypobromous acid ngeke ibole ngenani eliphakeme le-pH. Ngakho-ke, umphumela we-chlorination ungcono kunamanzi anosawoti.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-membrane yento ehlanganisiwe inezidingo ezithile kwi-chlorine esele emanzini, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukwelashwa kokunciphisa i-dechlorination ngemva kokuvalwa kwe-chlorine.
4. Ukulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukukhangisa kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni ye-membrane kuzodala ukwehla kokuguquguquka kwe-membrane, futhi ezimeni ezinzima, kuzodala ukulahlekelwa okungenakuhlehliswa kokugeleza kwe-membrane futhi kuthinte ukuphila okungokoqobo kolwelwesi.
Ngamanzi angaphezulu, amanzi amaningi ayimikhiqizo yemvelo, ngokusebenzisa ukucaciswa kwe-coagulation, ukuhlunga kwe-DC coagulation kanye nenqubo yokwelapha ehlanganisiwe ye-carbon filtration, kunganciphisa kakhulu izinto eziphilayo emanzini, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamanzi e-osmosis reverse.
5. Ukulawula ukuhlukaniswa kwe-concentration
Enqubweni ye-osmosis ehlehlayo, kwesinye isikhathi kuba ne-gradient ephezulu yokugxila phakathi kwamanzi agxilile kulwelwesi lwamanzi kanye namanzi anamandla, okubizwa nge-concentration polarization. Uma lesi simo senzeka, ungqimba lokugxilisa ingqondo okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinzile lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ungqimba olubucayi" kuzokwakhiwa phezu kolwelwesi, okuvimbela ukuqaliswa okusebenzayo kwenqubo ye-osmosis ehlanekezelwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-concentration polarization izokhuphula isixazululo esicindezelayo endaweni yolwelwesi, futhi amandla okushayela enqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo azoncishiswa, okuzoholela ekuncipheni kokukhiqizwa kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini. Uma i-concentration polarization ibucayi, amanye ama-salts ancibilike kancane azoncipha futhi akhule kulwelwesi olungaphezulu. Ukuze ugweme i-polarization yokuhlushwa, indlela ephumelelayo iwukwenza ukugeleza kwamanzi agxilile njalo kugcina isimo sesiyaluyalu, okungukuthi, ngokwandisa izinga lokugeleza kwe-inlet ukuze kwandiswe izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi agxilile, ukuze ukugxila kosawoti oncibilikisiwe ku-membrane kuncishiswe inani eliphansi kakhulu; Ukwengeza, ngemva kokuvalwa komshini wokuhlanza amanzi we-osmosis, amanzi agxilile ohlangothini lwamanzi ahlanganisiwe ashintshiwe kufanele agezwe ngesikhathi.
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